Londonhua WIKI - User contributions [en]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T23:55:57Z

Nbjohnson:

=Nicholas Johnson=
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 
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=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end which required you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to current. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were set up in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layouts and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. The Cafe had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a challenge to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This, coupled with the rerouted train on the way back, made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip. There were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also, there was a video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a young student field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which was unfortunate as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Dollhouse was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US at Arlington and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain

2017-06-22T17:25:08Z

Nbjohnson: /* British RAF */

=Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

[[File:no12FighterSquadron.jpg|thumb|right|450px|No. 12 Fighter Squadron<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 175.</ref>]]
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=Abstract=
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany, that I obtained from the Royal Air Force museum, then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. This command was essential and how it operated proved vital during the Battle of Britain. The deliverable then shows this Fighter Command structure visually in an interactive animation. Previously, I have taken two History courses with one of them being on World War II so I do have some previous background. My main takeaway from my experience with this milestone is that it is very impressive how many forces the British were able to coordinate to defend the country with such short notice of incoming aircraft.
 

=Introduction=
This milestone covers the Royal Air Force, RAF, and its impact on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how it was technically able to have this impact. This topic is very important, as without the RAF holding off the Luftwaffe, Britain would have been invaded in short time. I'm sure many people have covered British Fighter Command and the Battle of Britain but building up a background and displaying it in an interactive visual animation is something I think is special to my project and makes it unique. I have studied the Battle of Britain on a large scale in the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI, but we did not cover the inner workings of the RAF and its defense.
 

=Section 1: Background=
==Aircraft Production Ramp up==
After the breakup of the League of Nations' Disarmament Conference in 1934, Britain began its expansion of its Air Force. This first expansion announcement was known as 'Scheme A'. Shortly after this announcement Britain's Secretary of State for air, Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, increased the expansion program.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 75.</ref> The goal for the program was to increase the RAF, Royal Air Force, by 588 aircraft to include a total of 1512 aircraft. To make the goal a reality, the Shadow Factory scheme was put into place in March 1936. This program built state owned plants that were managed by non-aerospace industrial manufacturers who built products designed by aircraft makers.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 76.</ref> One example, Lord Huffield's company, Wolseley, was given control of the Castle Bromwich factory that built Spitfires under the guidance of Vickers Supermarine. In the end, Huffield's company was very inefficient at running the factory which was then turned over to Vickers Supermarine directly to manufacture Spitfires. This was an instance of the Shadow factory scheme not working well and hurt Britain at the beginning of the Battle of Britain because of the limited number of Spitfires that were available. Other manufacturers also had issues, but some excelled at their duties, it was a mixed bag of performances. The important part was to get as many aircraft ready to fly as possible to thwart the oncoming German aggression.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 77-78.</ref> Below is the technical descriptions of the main aircraft used on both the British side and German side during the Battle of Britain to show how the aircraft would perform against one another in combat.
 

==British Royal Air Force==
===Blenheim===
[[File:blenheim.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Blenheim<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>]]
The Bristol Blenheim was a two seater night fighter that was converted from the original design of a light bomber. Powering the plane were two 840 hp Bristol Mercury VIII radial piston engines. It had a maximum speed of 260 mph at 12,000 ft, with a service ceiling of 24,600 ft. It had a range of 1,460 miles on its internal tanks. The empty weight of the plane was 8,100 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 12,500 lbs. it had a wingspan of 56 ft 4 in, a length of 39 ft 9 in, and a height of 12 ft 10 in. It was armed with six 0.303 in machine guns.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>
====Variants====
Blenheim Mk I 
Blenheim Mk IF 
Blenheim Mk IV 
Blenheim Mk IVF 
Blenheim Mk V 
 

===Defiant===
[[File:defiant.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Defiant<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 16.</ref>]]
The Boulton Paul Defiant was a two seater fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin III twelve cylinder liquid cooled engine. It had a maximum speed of 304 mph at 17,000 ft with a service ceiling of 30,348 ft. It had a maximum range of 465 miles. Its empty weight was 6,281 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 8,424 lbs. It had a wingspan of 39 ft 4 in, a length of 35 ft 4 in, and a height of 11 ft 4 in. It was armed with four 0.303 in Browning machine guns mounted to a hydraulically operated turret behind the pilot. The turret allowed for exceptional coverage but being a heavier aircraft it was sluggish in combat and was vulnerable to conventional enemy fighters. After several massacres at the hands of the Luftwaffe the fighter transitioned into a Night Fighter but when that wasn't successful either the fighter was phased out.<ref>Boulton Paul Defiant. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/campaign/battle-of-britain-75th/aircraft/boulton-paul-defiant/]</ref><ref>J. (2015, May 26). 9 Iconic Aircraft From The Battle Of Britain. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/9-iconic-aircraft-from-the-battle-of-britain]</ref><ref>Boulton Paul Defiant Night-fighter / Interceptor Aircraft. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=142]</ref>
====Variants====
Defiant Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk I 
Defiant TT.Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk II 
Defiant TT.Mk II 
 

===Hurricane===
[[File:hurricaneMk1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hurricane]]
The Hawker Hurricane was a single seater fighter/fighter-bomber. It was powered by one 1,280 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XX V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph at 22,000 ft with a service ceiling of 36,500 ft. The range of the plane was 480 miles with internal tanks, but also had external tanks with a capacity of 90 gallons which about doubled this range. The empty aircraft weighed in at 5,500 lbs, with a maximum take-off weight of 7,300 lbs. The plane had a wingspan of 40 ft, length of 32 ft 2 1/2 in, and a height of 13 ft 1 in. It was armed with twelve 0.303-in forward-firing machine-guns, plus two 250 lb or one 500 lb bombs. The later versions of this aircraft replaced the twelve 0.303-in machine guns with four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 10.</ref>
====Variants====
Hurricane Mk I 
Hurricane Mk II 
Hurricane Mk III 
Hurricane Mk IV 
Hurricane Mk V 
 

===Spitfire===
[[File: spitfireMk1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Spitfire]]
The Supermarine Spitfire was a single seater day fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II or III V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 355 mph at 19,000 ft with a service ceiling of 34,000 ft. It had a maximum range of 495 miles on its internal tanks. Empty it weighed in at 4,796 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 5,332 lbs. It had a wingspan of 36 ft 10 in, a length of 29 ft 11 in, and a height of 11 ft 5 in. It was initially armed with 8 0.303-in Browning machine guns, but later on in the war 20 mm Hispano cannons were introduced. There were several different wing designs throughout its lifetime that were used to house different weapons. The original A wing housed eight 0.303-in machine guns, the B wing housed four 0.303-in machine guns and two 20 mm cannons, and the C wing was interchangeable and could be formatted like the previous A and B wings or a third option of four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 13.</ref> Later in the war more wing variants were developed, the D wing was a specialized wing for photo reconnaissance aircraft providing extra fuel to allow for a range of up to 2000 miles, the E wing housed two 20 mm and two 0.5 in cannons as well as the capacity to hold a 250 lb bomb on each wing.<ref>Rickard, J. (2007, March 12). Supermarine Spitfire - the gun wings. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_spitfire_wings.html]</ref><ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 46.</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: spitfire.png]]
 

==German Luftwaffe==
===Messerschmitt Bf 109===
[[File: Bf109new.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a single seater multirole fighter. It was powered by a 1,200 hp Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid cooled 12 cylinder piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 359 mph and a service ceiling of 36,499 ft. It had a maximum range of 680 miles. When empty it had a weight of 4,440 lbs and a maximum takeoff weight of 6,100 lbs. It measured 32 ft 4 in in wingspan, 28 ft 8 in in length, and 11 ft 2 in in height. For armament it had a cannon in the propeller hub, two to four 7.9 mm machine guns, and two cannons in underwing gunpods.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 109 Single-Seat Multirole Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=83]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 109.png]]

===Messerschmitt Bf 110===
[[File:Bf110G-4.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Messerschmitt Bf 110]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zestorer was a two seater Heavy Fighter/Fighter-bomber. It was powered by two Daimler Benz DB 601B-1 V-12 piston engines producing 1,474 hp. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph with a service ceiling of 26,247 ft. It had a maximum range of 1,305 miles. The empty weight of the aircraft was 11,222 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 21,804 lbs. It had a wingspan of 53 ft 4 in, a length of 42 ft 9 in, and a height of 13 ft 8 in. It was armed with two 30 mm and two 20 mm cannons in its nose and two 7.92 mm machine guns in the rear cockpit. The fighter bomber versions could also carry up to 4,410 lbs of conventional drop bombs. The aircraft excelled at its main design point of being a combat destroyer, but maneuverability was its weakest quality.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstorer (Destroyer) Heavy Fighter / Fighter-Bomber / Night Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=96]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 110.png]]

==British Fighter Command==
[[File:fighterCommandMap.JPG|thumb|left|500px|British Fighter Command Grid<ref>Great Britain. Royal Air Force. Fighter Command. (1941). Gnomonic Chart with Fighter Command Grid super imposed.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command's Commander-in-Chief during the lead up to and during the Battle of Britain was Sir Hugh Dowding.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 83.</ref> The role of Fighter Command was to repel any attack on Britain from the Luftwaffe, German Air Force. To best complete this mission Dowding had a plan to divide his resources across England. The No. 11 group which covered the southeast of the country was supplied with 12 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, and 4 Blenheim squadrons. The No. 12 group which covered the East Anglia area was supplied with 5 Hurricane, 5 Spitfire, 2 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 13 group in the north was supplied with 3 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, 1 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 10 covering the west included 2 Hurricane, and 2 Spitfire squadrons. Many people felt that Dowding should have concentrated all of his best fighters in the No. 11 group as that was the most likely to encounter fighter opposition. Dowding knew that the Battle of Britain would be a war of attrition and to keep a mix of fighters in less dangerous areas as a reserve would be important to the upcoming battle.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 90.</ref> The Fighter Command had plenty of aircraft to go around with production ramping up, but pilots were much more difficult to replace. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain many squadrons were over-manned but as it dragged on training new pilots became a problem. As training took 6 months there were not enough pilots to have Fighter Command at full strength so the training courses were reduced to 4 weeks with the squadrons left to finish the pilot's training, sometimes with disastrous consequences.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 91.</ref> Dowding was not the most liked of the leaders in the military and was eventually forced out of his position as the head of Fighter Command on November 17, 1940.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 99.</ref> At the time, no one recognized the importance of his work and how he saved Britain. Most importantly he set up a system of [[Impact of the RAF on WW2#Fighter Command and Control System | direction and control]] for his fighters to get the most out of their limited resources. Second, Dowding pushed to limit the support of the French in terms of aircraft that were essential to defending Britain in an air attack; he didn't stop the outflow of aircraft but helped reduce the number of aircraft supplied to France. Third, his careful placement and use of fighter resources prevented being draw into a major battle and having his forces destroyed. His plan to keep fighters in reserve to reinforce the main No. 11 group was essential to this even though it gained much criticism.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 93-97.</ref>
 

==Fighter Command and Control System==

===Radar Stations===
[[File:radarStation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Radar Station<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 97.</ref>]]
At the time Radar was known as Radio Direction Finding and the system that was in use by the British was simple but effective. The initial deployment was High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF DF) to find the position of a friendly aircraft when it was out of sight of the controller. As the technology became refined, Fighter Command began experimenting with radar controlled intercepts of unknown targets in 1936.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 100.</ref> In 1937, the system in use was known as Pip Squeak. This system transmitted a coded DF signal for 14 seconds every minute to allow the controllers to know the identity of each aircraft. To identify the other aircraft not using the Pip Squeak system they turned to physicist Robert Watson-Watt. This new technology was designated RDF which was rapidly developed. In only a few months the system was up and running detecting aircraft out to 58 miles. A string of these radar stations were built on the southern coast in 1936 and became fully operational in 1938.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 103-104.</ref> This first chain of 21 stations was called Chain Home and utilized fixed antenna arrays. There was also another set of radar stations called the Chain Home Low stations, of which there were 30, that utilized a rotating antenna for a narrow search beam. These were not as effective as they had less range and could not provide altitude information.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> In addition to these radar advances, an improvement in plane identification was also being developed. The new system was called IFF, Identification Friend or Foe. The IFF was a small transmitter that produced a distinctive radar blip to allow radar operators to differentiate between friend and foe.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> When both friendly and enemy planes were spotted on radar that information was then sent to the Filter Room to be assessed.
 

===Observer Corps===
[[File:observerCorps.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Observer Corps<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 112.</ref>]]
The Observer Corps was a volunteer service meant to fill in the gaps of radar. Radar was successful at looking out to sea but was blind to its back on land. The job of the Observer Corps was to track and report the movement of aircraft over land. Volunteers for the Observer Corps used binoculars, telescopes, and makeshift devices to determine the altitude and bearing of enemy aircraft. This technique was trialed in 1925 to outstanding success, after which the program rolled out rapidly to over 100 posts in that year. For the large roll out, a map was divided into 1.2 mile squares which then reported via telephone lines to their respective Observer Corps Group Headquarters. The full scale system across Britain was tested during the 1939 Air Exercises after which the posts were manned unbroken for 6 years until the end of the war.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 109-111.</ref>
 

===Fighter Command Operations Room and Filter Room===
[[File:bentleyPriory.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bentley Priory Fighter Command and Operations Room<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 98.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command and Operations Room was manned by the Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Commander-in-Chiefs of the Observer Corps and the Anti-Aircraft Command, the liaison officers of Bomber and Coastal Commands, the liaison officer of the Admiralty, and the liaison officer for the Ministry of Home Security. The room housed the plotting table that displayed aircraft over all of the UK and the sea approaches. The Filter Room was located underneath the Fighter Command Operations Room. Its job was to receive all of the plots from the Radar Stations, compile them and cross reference the plots with the IFF plots. These cross referenced plots were then passed upstairs to the Fighter Command Operations Room.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105.</ref>
 

===Group and Sector Operations Rooms===
The Group Operations Room received radar plots from the Filter Rooms and visual plots from the Observer Corps. The information was analyzed and then used to direct sectors to deal with incoming raids. In the event the Group Operations Room was knocked out in a raid, each Sector Operations Room could be used as the command center. Each Sector Operations Room had its own plotting tables with radar and Observer Corps plots provided from the Filter Room. When a Sector Operations Room was given notice of an enemy raid, a controller would order an aircraft launch and then vector them for an intercept, which was confirmed when the formation leader called 'Tally Ho!' which means enemy in sight.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105-106.</ref> To vector the aircraft, the controller needed to know the location of the friendlies which was reported by the Direction-finding Triangulation who received information from the Direction Finding, D/F, stations. The Sector Operations Room also controlled the anti-aircraft guns and Balloon Barrages. As with the aircraft launches, the Sector Controller would alert the guns and balloons to incoming enemy raids to allow them time to get into position.<ref>RAF. (n.d.). RAF - The RAF Fighter Control System. Retrieved June 07, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/fightercontrolsystem.cfm]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
As the background has covered the RAF and its command structure during the Battle of Britain in writing, the below deliverable illustrates this system through an animation to really show how it worked. The command structure was much more vast than the animation covers but it does take the essential parts and simplify it to more easily illustrate the command system.
 For the animation [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/RAF/raf.html Click here].
 

=Conclusion=
This milestone background covered the process of the preparation of the RAF prior to World War II, how the RAF was able to withstand the Luftwaffe onslaught during the Battle of Britain, and the details of the technical workings of the RAF aircraft and command structure and the German aircraft. A key part of the entire British system was the many levels of command that divided the massive area of the country yet were able to keep information flowing quickly and effectively to respond to threats. The deliverable then went on to show this command structure in a visual animation to help illustrate how it operated. 
A potential future inquiry could be how the German command structure differed from the British and how that led to their failure in defeating the British.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain

2017-06-22T17:21:33Z

Nbjohnson: /* Defiant */

=Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

[[File:no12FighterSquadron.jpg|thumb|right|450px|No. 12 Fighter Squadron<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 175.</ref>]]
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany, that I obtained from the Royal Air Force museum, then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. This command was essential and how it operated proved vital during the Battle of Britain. The deliverable then shows this Fighter Command structure visually in an interactive animation. Previously, I have taken two History courses with one of them being on World War II so I do have some previous background. My main takeaway from my experience with this milestone is that it is very impressive how many forces the British were able to coordinate to defend the country with such short notice of incoming aircraft.
 

=Introduction=
This milestone covers the Royal Air Force, RAF, and its impact on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how it was technically able to have this impact. This topic is very important, as without the RAF holding off the Luftwaffe, Britain would have been invaded in short time. I'm sure many people have covered British Fighter Command and the Battle of Britain but building up a background and displaying it in an interactive visual animation is something I think is special to my project and makes it unique. I have studied the Battle of Britain on a large scale in the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI, but we did not cover the inner workings of the RAF and its defense.
 

=Section 1: Background=
==Aircraft Production Ramp up==
After the breakup of the League of Nations' Disarmament Conference in 1934, Britain began its expansion of its Air Force. This first expansion announcement was known as 'Scheme A'. Shortly after this announcement Britain's Secretary of State for air, Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, increased the expansion program.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 75.</ref> The goal for the program was to increase the RAF, Royal Air Force, by 588 aircraft to include a total of 1512 aircraft. To make the goal a reality, the Shadow Factory scheme was put into place in March 1936. This program built state owned plants that were managed by non-aerospace industrial manufacturers who built products designed by aircraft makers.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 76.</ref> One example, Lord Huffield's company, Wolseley, was given control of the Castle Bromwich factory that built Spitfires under the guidance of Vickers Supermarine. In the end, Huffield's company was very inefficient at running the factory which was then turned over to Vickers Supermarine directly to manufacture Spitfires. This was an instance of the Shadow factory scheme not working well and hurt Britain at the beginning of the Battle of Britain because of the limited number of Spitfires that were available. Other manufacturers also had issues, but some excelled at their duties, it was a mixed bag of performances. The important part was to get as many aircraft ready to fly as possible to thwart the oncoming German aggression.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 77-78.</ref> Below is the technical descriptions of the main aircraft used on both the British side and German side during the Battle of Britain to show how the aircraft would perform against one another in combat.
 

==British RAF==
===Blenheim===
[[File:blenheim.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Blenheim<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>]]
The Bristol Blenheim was a two seater night fighter that was converted from the original design of a light bomber. Powering the plane were two 840 hp Bristol Mercury VIII radial piston engines. It had a maximum speed of 260 mph at 12,000 ft, with a service ceiling of 24,600 ft. It had a range of 1,460 miles on its internal tanks. The empty weight of the plane was 8,100 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 12,500 lbs. it had a wingspan of 56 ft 4 in, a length of 39 ft 9 in, and a height of 12 ft 10 in. It was armed with six 0.303 in machine guns.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>
====Variants====
Blenheim Mk I 
Blenheim Mk IF 
Blenheim Mk IV 
Blenheim Mk IVF 
Blenheim Mk V 
 

===Defiant===
[[File:defiant.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Defiant<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 16.</ref>]]
The Boulton Paul Defiant was a two seater fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin III twelve cylinder liquid cooled engine. It had a maximum speed of 304 mph at 17,000 ft with a service ceiling of 30,348 ft. It had a maximum range of 465 miles. Its empty weight was 6,281 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 8,424 lbs. It had a wingspan of 39 ft 4 in, a length of 35 ft 4 in, and a height of 11 ft 4 in. It was armed with four 0.303 in Browning machine guns mounted to a hydraulically operated turret behind the pilot. The turret allowed for exceptional coverage but being a heavier aircraft it was sluggish in combat and was vulnerable to conventional enemy fighters. After several massacres at the hands of the Luftwaffe the fighter transitioned into a Night Fighter but when that wasn't successful either the fighter was phased out.<ref>Boulton Paul Defiant. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/campaign/battle-of-britain-75th/aircraft/boulton-paul-defiant/]</ref><ref>J. (2015, May 26). 9 Iconic Aircraft From The Battle Of Britain. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/9-iconic-aircraft-from-the-battle-of-britain]</ref><ref>Boulton Paul Defiant Night-fighter / Interceptor Aircraft. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=142]</ref>
====Variants====
Defiant Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk I 
Defiant TT.Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk II 
Defiant TT.Mk II 
 

===Hurricane===
[[File:hurricaneMk1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hurricane]]
The Hawker Hurricane was a single seater fighter/fighter-bomber. It was powered by one 1,280 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XX V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph at 22,000 ft with a service ceiling of 36,500 ft. The range of the plane was 480 miles with internal tanks, but also had external tanks with a capacity of 90 gallons which about doubled this range. The empty aircraft weighed in at 5,500 lbs, with a maximum take-off weight of 7,300 lbs. The plane had a wingspan of 40 ft, length of 32 ft 2 1/2 in, and a height of 13 ft 1 in. It was armed with twelve 0.303-in forward-firing machine-guns, plus two 250 lb or one 500 lb bombs. The later versions of this aircraft replaced the twelve 0.303-in machine guns with four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 10.</ref>
====Variants====
Hurricane Mk I 
Hurricane Mk II 
Hurricane Mk III 
Hurricane Mk IV 
Hurricane Mk V 
 

===Spitfire===
[[File: spitfireMk1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Spitfire]]
The Supermarine Spitfire was a single seater day fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II or III V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 355 mph at 19,000 ft with a service ceiling of 34,000 ft. It had a maximum range of 495 miles on its internal tanks. Empty it weighed in at 4,796 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 5,332 lbs. It had a wingspan of 36 ft 10 in, a length of 29 ft 11 in, and a height of 11 ft 5 in. It was initially armed with 8 0.303-in Browning machine guns, but later on in the war 20 mm Hispano cannons were introduced. There were several different wing designs throughout its lifetime that were used to house different weapons. The original A wing housed eight 0.303-in machine guns, the B wing housed four 0.303-in machine guns and two 20 mm cannons, and the C wing was interchangeable and could be formatted like the previous A and B wings or a third option of four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 13.</ref> Later in the war more wing variants were developed, the D wing was a specialized wing for photo reconnaissance aircraft providing extra fuel to allow for a range of up to 2000 miles, the E wing housed two 20 mm and two 0.5 in cannons as well as the capacity to hold a 250 lb bomb on each wing.<ref>Rickard, J. (2007, March 12). Supermarine Spitfire - the gun wings. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_spitfire_wings.html]</ref><ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 46.</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: spitfire.png]]
 

==German Luftwaffe==
===Messerschmitt Bf 109===
[[File: Bf109new.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a single seater multirole fighter. It was powered by a 1,200 hp Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid cooled 12 cylinder piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 359 mph and a service ceiling of 36,499 ft. It had a maximum range of 680 miles. When empty it had a weight of 4,440 lbs and a maximum takeoff weight of 6,100 lbs. It measured 32 ft 4 in in wingspan, 28 ft 8 in in length, and 11 ft 2 in in height. For armament it had a cannon in the propeller hub, two to four 7.9 mm machine guns, and two cannons in underwing gunpods.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 109 Single-Seat Multirole Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=83]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 109.png]]

===Messerschmitt Bf 110===
[[File:Bf110G-4.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Messerschmitt Bf 110]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zestorer was a two seater Heavy Fighter/Fighter-bomber. It was powered by two Daimler Benz DB 601B-1 V-12 piston engines producing 1,474 hp. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph with a service ceiling of 26,247 ft. It had a maximum range of 1,305 miles. The empty weight of the aircraft was 11,222 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 21,804 lbs. It had a wingspan of 53 ft 4 in, a length of 42 ft 9 in, and a height of 13 ft 8 in. It was armed with two 30 mm and two 20 mm cannons in its nose and two 7.92 mm machine guns in the rear cockpit. The fighter bomber versions could also carry up to 4,410 lbs of conventional drop bombs. The aircraft excelled at its main design point of being a combat destroyer, but maneuverability was its weakest quality.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstorer (Destroyer) Heavy Fighter / Fighter-Bomber / Night Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=96]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 110.png]]

==British Fighter Command==
[[File:fighterCommandMap.JPG|thumb|left|500px|British Fighter Command Grid<ref>Great Britain. Royal Air Force. Fighter Command. (1941). Gnomonic Chart with Fighter Command Grid super imposed.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command's Commander-in-Chief during the lead up to and during the Battle of Britain was Sir Hugh Dowding.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 83.</ref> The role of Fighter Command was to repel any attack on Britain from the Luftwaffe, German Air Force. To best complete this mission Dowding had a plan to divide his resources across England. The No. 11 group which covered the southeast of the country was supplied with 12 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, and 4 Blenheim squadrons. The No. 12 group which covered the East Anglia area was supplied with 5 Hurricane, 5 Spitfire, 2 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 13 group in the north was supplied with 3 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, 1 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 10 covering the west included 2 Hurricane, and 2 Spitfire squadrons. Many people felt that Dowding should have concentrated all of his best fighters in the No. 11 group as that was the most likely to encounter fighter opposition. Dowding knew that the Battle of Britain would be a war of attrition and to keep a mix of fighters in less dangerous areas as a reserve would be important to the upcoming battle.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 90.</ref> The Fighter Command had plenty of aircraft to go around with production ramping up, but pilots were much more difficult to replace. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain many squadrons were over-manned but as it dragged on training new pilots became a problem. As training took 6 months there were not enough pilots to have Fighter Command at full strength so the training courses were reduced to 4 weeks with the squadrons left to finish the pilot's training, sometimes with disastrous consequences.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 91.</ref> Dowding was not the most liked of the leaders in the military and was eventually forced out of his position as the head of Fighter Command on November 17, 1940.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 99.</ref> At the time, no one recognized the importance of his work and how he saved Britain. Most importantly he set up a system of [[Impact of the RAF on WW2#Fighter Command and Control System | direction and control]] for his fighters to get the most out of their limited resources. Second, Dowding pushed to limit the support of the French in terms of aircraft that were essential to defending Britain in an air attack; he didn't stop the outflow of aircraft but helped reduce the number of aircraft supplied to France. Third, his careful placement and use of fighter resources prevented being draw into a major battle and having his forces destroyed. His plan to keep fighters in reserve to reinforce the main No. 11 group was essential to this even though it gained much criticism.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 93-97.</ref>
 

==Fighter Command and Control System==

===Radar Stations===
[[File:radarStation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Radar Station<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 97.</ref>]]
At the time Radar was known as Radio Direction Finding and the system that was in use by the British was simple but effective. The initial deployment was High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF DF) to find the position of a friendly aircraft when it was out of sight of the controller. As the technology became refined, Fighter Command began experimenting with radar controlled intercepts of unknown targets in 1936.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 100.</ref> In 1937, the system in use was known as Pip Squeak. This system transmitted a coded DF signal for 14 seconds every minute to allow the controllers to know the identity of each aircraft. To identify the other aircraft not using the Pip Squeak system they turned to physicist Robert Watson-Watt. This new technology was designated RDF which was rapidly developed. In only a few months the system was up and running detecting aircraft out to 58 miles. A string of these radar stations were built on the southern coast in 1936 and became fully operational in 1938.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 103-104.</ref> This first chain of 21 stations was called Chain Home and utilized fixed antenna arrays. There was also another set of radar stations called the Chain Home Low stations, of which there were 30, that utilized a rotating antenna for a narrow search beam. These were not as effective as they had less range and could not provide altitude information.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> In addition to these radar advances, an improvement in plane identification was also being developed. The new system was called IFF, Identification Friend or Foe. The IFF was a small transmitter that produced a distinctive radar blip to allow radar operators to differentiate between friend and foe.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> When both friendly and enemy planes were spotted on radar that information was then sent to the Filter Room to be assessed.
 

===Observer Corps===
[[File:observerCorps.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Observer Corps<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 112.</ref>]]
The Observer Corps was a volunteer service meant to fill in the gaps of radar. Radar was successful at looking out to sea but was blind to its back on land. The job of the Observer Corps was to track and report the movement of aircraft over land. Volunteers for the Observer Corps used binoculars, telescopes, and makeshift devices to determine the altitude and bearing of enemy aircraft. This technique was trialed in 1925 to outstanding success, after which the program rolled out rapidly to over 100 posts in that year. For the large roll out, a map was divided into 1.2 mile squares which then reported via telephone lines to their respective Observer Corps Group Headquarters. The full scale system across Britain was tested during the 1939 Air Exercises after which the posts were manned unbroken for 6 years until the end of the war.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 109-111.</ref>
 

===Fighter Command Operations Room and Filter Room===
[[File:bentleyPriory.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bentley Priory Fighter Command and Operations Room<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 98.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command and Operations Room was manned by the Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Commander-in-Chiefs of the Observer Corps and the Anti-Aircraft Command, the liaison officers of Bomber and Coastal Commands, the liaison officer of the Admiralty, and the liaison officer for the Ministry of Home Security. The room housed the plotting table that displayed aircraft over all of the UK and the sea approaches. The Filter Room was located underneath the Fighter Command Operations Room. Its job was to receive all of the plots from the Radar Stations, compile them and cross reference the plots with the IFF plots. These cross referenced plots were then passed upstairs to the Fighter Command Operations Room.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105.</ref>
 

===Group and Sector Operations Rooms===
The Group Operations Room received radar plots from the Filter Rooms and visual plots from the Observer Corps. The information was analyzed and then used to direct sectors to deal with incoming raids. In the event the Group Operations Room was knocked out in a raid, each Sector Operations Room could be used as the command center. Each Sector Operations Room had its own plotting tables with radar and Observer Corps plots provided from the Filter Room. When a Sector Operations Room was given notice of an enemy raid, a controller would order an aircraft launch and then vector them for an intercept, which was confirmed when the formation leader called 'Tally Ho!' which means enemy in sight.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105-106.</ref> To vector the aircraft, the controller needed to know the location of the friendlies which was reported by the Direction-finding Triangulation who received information from the Direction Finding, D/F, stations. The Sector Operations Room also controlled the anti-aircraft guns and Balloon Barrages. As with the aircraft launches, the Sector Controller would alert the guns and balloons to incoming enemy raids to allow them time to get into position.<ref>RAF. (n.d.). RAF - The RAF Fighter Control System. Retrieved June 07, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/fightercontrolsystem.cfm]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
As the background has covered the RAF and its command structure during the Battle of Britain in writing, the below deliverable illustrates this system through an animation to really show how it worked. The command structure was much more vast than the animation covers but it does take the essential parts and simplify it to more easily illustrate the command system.
 For the animation [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/RAF/raf.html Click here].
 

=Conclusion=
This milestone background covered the process of the preparation of the RAF prior to World War II, how the RAF was able to withstand the Luftwaffe onslaught during the Battle of Britain, and the details of the technical workings of the RAF aircraft and command structure and the German aircraft. A key part of the entire British system was the many levels of command that divided the massive area of the country yet were able to keep information flowing quickly and effectively to respond to threats. The deliverable then went on to show this command structure in a visual animation to help illustrate how it operated. 
A potential future inquiry could be how the German command structure differed from the British and how that led to their failure in defeating the British.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain

2017-06-22T17:13:14Z

Nbjohnson: /* Group and Sector Operations Rooms */

=Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

[[File:no12FighterSquadron.jpg|thumb|right|450px|No. 12 Fighter Squadron<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 175.</ref>]]
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany, that I obtained from the Royal Air Force museum, then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. This command was essential and how it operated proved vital during the Battle of Britain. The deliverable then shows this Fighter Command structure visually in an interactive animation. Previously, I have taken two History courses with one of them being on World War II so I do have some previous background. My main takeaway from my experience with this milestone is that it is very impressive how many forces the British were able to coordinate to defend the country with such short notice of incoming aircraft.
 

=Introduction=
This milestone covers the Royal Air Force, RAF, and its impact on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how it was technically able to have this impact. This topic is very important, as without the RAF holding off the Luftwaffe, Britain would have been invaded in short time. I'm sure many people have covered British Fighter Command and the Battle of Britain but building up a background and displaying it in an interactive visual animation is something I think is special to my project and makes it unique. I have studied the Battle of Britain on a large scale in the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI, but we did not cover the inner workings of the RAF and its defense.
 

=Section 1: Background=
==Aircraft Production Ramp up==
After the breakup of the League of Nations' Disarmament Conference in 1934, Britain began its expansion of its Air Force. This first expansion announcement was known as 'Scheme A'. Shortly after this announcement Britain's Secretary of State for air, Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, increased the expansion program.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 75.</ref> The goal for the program was to increase the RAF, Royal Air Force, by 588 aircraft to include a total of 1512 aircraft. To make the goal a reality, the Shadow Factory scheme was put into place in March 1936. This program built state owned plants that were managed by non-aerospace industrial manufacturers who built products designed by aircraft makers.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 76.</ref> One example, Lord Huffield's company, Wolseley, was given control of the Castle Bromwich factory that built Spitfires under the guidance of Vickers Supermarine. In the end, Huffield's company was very inefficient at running the factory which was then turned over to Vickers Supermarine directly to manufacture Spitfires. This was an instance of the Shadow factory scheme not working well and hurt Britain at the beginning of the Battle of Britain because of the limited number of Spitfires that were available. Other manufacturers also had issues, but some excelled at their duties, it was a mixed bag of performances. The important part was to get as many aircraft ready to fly as possible to thwart the oncoming German aggression.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 77-78.</ref> Below is the technical descriptions of the main aircraft used on both the British side and German side during the Battle of Britain to show how the aircraft would perform against one another in combat.
 

==British RAF==
===Blenheim===
[[File:blenheim.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Blenheim<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>]]
The Bristol Blenheim was a two seater night fighter that was converted from the original design of a light bomber. Powering the plane were two 840 hp Bristol Mercury VIII radial piston engines. It had a maximum speed of 260 mph at 12,000 ft, with a service ceiling of 24,600 ft. It had a range of 1,460 miles on its internal tanks. The empty weight of the plane was 8,100 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 12,500 lbs. it had a wingspan of 56 ft 4 in, a length of 39 ft 9 in, and a height of 12 ft 10 in. It was armed with six 0.303 in machine guns.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>
====Variants====
Blenheim Mk I 
Blenheim Mk IF 
Blenheim Mk IV 
Blenheim Mk IVF 
Blenheim Mk V 
 

===Defiant===
[[File:defiant.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Defiant<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 16.</ref>]]
The Boulton Paul Defiant was a two seater fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Tolls-Royce Merlin III twelve cylinder liquid cooled engine. It had a maximum speed of 304 mph at 17,000 ft with a service ceiling of 30,348 ft. It had a maximum range of 465 miles. Its empty weight was 6,281 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 8,424 lbs. It had a wingspan of 39 ft 4 in, a length of 35 ft 4 in, and a height of 11 ft 4 in. It was armed with four 0.303 in Browning machine guns mounted to a hydraulically operated turret behind the pilot. The turret allowed for exceptional coverage but being a heavier aircraft it was sluggish in combat and was vulnerable to conventional enemy fighters. After several massacres at the hands of the Luftwaffe the fighter transitioned into a Night Fighter but when that wasn't successful either the fighter was phased out.<ref>Boulton Paul Defiant. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/campaign/battle-of-britain-75th/aircraft/boulton-paul-defiant/]</ref><ref>J. (2015, May 26). 9 Iconic Aircraft From The Battle Of Britain. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/9-iconic-aircraft-from-the-battle-of-britain]</ref><ref>Boulton Paul Defiant Night-fighter / Interceptor Aircraft. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=142]</ref>
====Variants====
Defiant Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk I 
Defiant TT.Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk II 
Defiant TT.Mk II 
 

===Hurricane===
[[File:hurricaneMk1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hurricane]]
The Hawker Hurricane was a single seater fighter/fighter-bomber. It was powered by one 1,280 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XX V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph at 22,000 ft with a service ceiling of 36,500 ft. The range of the plane was 480 miles with internal tanks, but also had external tanks with a capacity of 90 gallons which about doubled this range. The empty aircraft weighed in at 5,500 lbs, with a maximum take-off weight of 7,300 lbs. The plane had a wingspan of 40 ft, length of 32 ft 2 1/2 in, and a height of 13 ft 1 in. It was armed with twelve 0.303-in forward-firing machine-guns, plus two 250 lb or one 500 lb bombs. The later versions of this aircraft replaced the twelve 0.303-in machine guns with four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 10.</ref>
====Variants====
Hurricane Mk I 
Hurricane Mk II 
Hurricane Mk III 
Hurricane Mk IV 
Hurricane Mk V 
 

===Spitfire===
[[File: spitfireMk1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Spitfire]]
The Supermarine Spitfire was a single seater day fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II or III V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 355 mph at 19,000 ft with a service ceiling of 34,000 ft. It had a maximum range of 495 miles on its internal tanks. Empty it weighed in at 4,796 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 5,332 lbs. It had a wingspan of 36 ft 10 in, a length of 29 ft 11 in, and a height of 11 ft 5 in. It was initially armed with 8 0.303-in Browning machine guns, but later on in the war 20 mm Hispano cannons were introduced. There were several different wing designs throughout its lifetime that were used to house different weapons. The original A wing housed eight 0.303-in machine guns, the B wing housed four 0.303-in machine guns and two 20 mm cannons, and the C wing was interchangeable and could be formatted like the previous A and B wings or a third option of four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 13.</ref> Later in the war more wing variants were developed, the D wing was a specialized wing for photo reconnaissance aircraft providing extra fuel to allow for a range of up to 2000 miles, the E wing housed two 20 mm and two 0.5 in cannons as well as the capacity to hold a 250 lb bomb on each wing.<ref>Rickard, J. (2007, March 12). Supermarine Spitfire - the gun wings. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_spitfire_wings.html]</ref><ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 46.</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: spitfire.png]]
 

==German Luftwaffe==
===Messerschmitt Bf 109===
[[File: Bf109new.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a single seater multirole fighter. It was powered by a 1,200 hp Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid cooled 12 cylinder piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 359 mph and a service ceiling of 36,499 ft. It had a maximum range of 680 miles. When empty it had a weight of 4,440 lbs and a maximum takeoff weight of 6,100 lbs. It measured 32 ft 4 in in wingspan, 28 ft 8 in in length, and 11 ft 2 in in height. For armament it had a cannon in the propeller hub, two to four 7.9 mm machine guns, and two cannons in underwing gunpods.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 109 Single-Seat Multirole Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=83]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 109.png]]

===Messerschmitt Bf 110===
[[File:Bf110G-4.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Messerschmitt Bf 110]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zestorer was a two seater Heavy Fighter/Fighter-bomber. It was powered by two Daimler Benz DB 601B-1 V-12 piston engines producing 1,474 hp. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph with a service ceiling of 26,247 ft. It had a maximum range of 1,305 miles. The empty weight of the aircraft was 11,222 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 21,804 lbs. It had a wingspan of 53 ft 4 in, a length of 42 ft 9 in, and a height of 13 ft 8 in. It was armed with two 30 mm and two 20 mm cannons in its nose and two 7.92 mm machine guns in the rear cockpit. The fighter bomber versions could also carry up to 4,410 lbs of conventional drop bombs. The aircraft excelled at its main design point of being a combat destroyer, but maneuverability was its weakest quality.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstorer (Destroyer) Heavy Fighter / Fighter-Bomber / Night Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=96]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 110.png]]

==British Fighter Command==
[[File:fighterCommandMap.JPG|thumb|left|500px|British Fighter Command Grid<ref>Great Britain. Royal Air Force. Fighter Command. (1941). Gnomonic Chart with Fighter Command Grid super imposed.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command's Commander-in-Chief during the lead up to and during the Battle of Britain was Sir Hugh Dowding.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 83.</ref> The role of Fighter Command was to repel any attack on Britain from the Luftwaffe, German Air Force. To best complete this mission Dowding had a plan to divide his resources across England. The No. 11 group which covered the southeast of the country was supplied with 12 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, and 4 Blenheim squadrons. The No. 12 group which covered the East Anglia area was supplied with 5 Hurricane, 5 Spitfire, 2 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 13 group in the north was supplied with 3 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, 1 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 10 covering the west included 2 Hurricane, and 2 Spitfire squadrons. Many people felt that Dowding should have concentrated all of his best fighters in the No. 11 group as that was the most likely to encounter fighter opposition. Dowding knew that the Battle of Britain would be a war of attrition and to keep a mix of fighters in less dangerous areas as a reserve would be important to the upcoming battle.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 90.</ref> The Fighter Command had plenty of aircraft to go around with production ramping up, but pilots were much more difficult to replace. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain many squadrons were over-manned but as it dragged on training new pilots became a problem. As training took 6 months there were not enough pilots to have Fighter Command at full strength so the training courses were reduced to 4 weeks with the squadrons left to finish the pilot's training, sometimes with disastrous consequences.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 91.</ref> Dowding was not the most liked of the leaders in the military and was eventually forced out of his position as the head of Fighter Command on November 17, 1940.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 99.</ref> At the time, no one recognized the importance of his work and how he saved Britain. Most importantly he set up a system of [[Impact of the RAF on WW2#Fighter Command and Control System | direction and control]] for his fighters to get the most out of their limited resources. Second, Dowding pushed to limit the support of the French in terms of aircraft that were essential to defending Britain in an air attack; he didn't stop the outflow of aircraft but helped reduce the number of aircraft supplied to France. Third, his careful placement and use of fighter resources prevented being draw into a major battle and having his forces destroyed. His plan to keep fighters in reserve to reinforce the main No. 11 group was essential to this even though it gained much criticism.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 93-97.</ref>
 

==Fighter Command and Control System==

===Radar Stations===
[[File:radarStation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Radar Station<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 97.</ref>]]
At the time Radar was known as Radio Direction Finding and the system that was in use by the British was simple but effective. The initial deployment was High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF DF) to find the position of a friendly aircraft when it was out of sight of the controller. As the technology became refined, Fighter Command began experimenting with radar controlled intercepts of unknown targets in 1936.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 100.</ref> In 1937, the system in use was known as Pip Squeak. This system transmitted a coded DF signal for 14 seconds every minute to allow the controllers to know the identity of each aircraft. To identify the other aircraft not using the Pip Squeak system they turned to physicist Robert Watson-Watt. This new technology was designated RDF which was rapidly developed. In only a few months the system was up and running detecting aircraft out to 58 miles. A string of these radar stations were built on the southern coast in 1936 and became fully operational in 1938.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 103-104.</ref> This first chain of 21 stations was called Chain Home and utilized fixed antenna arrays. There was also another set of radar stations called the Chain Home Low stations, of which there were 30, that utilized a rotating antenna for a narrow search beam. These were not as effective as they had less range and could not provide altitude information.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> In addition to these radar advances, an improvement in plane identification was also being developed. The new system was called IFF, Identification Friend or Foe. The IFF was a small transmitter that produced a distinctive radar blip to allow radar operators to differentiate between friend and foe.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> When both friendly and enemy planes were spotted on radar that information was then sent to the Filter Room to be assessed.
 

===Observer Corps===
[[File:observerCorps.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Observer Corps<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 112.</ref>]]
The Observer Corps was a volunteer service meant to fill in the gaps of radar. Radar was successful at looking out to sea but was blind to its back on land. The job of the Observer Corps was to track and report the movement of aircraft over land. Volunteers for the Observer Corps used binoculars, telescopes, and makeshift devices to determine the altitude and bearing of enemy aircraft. This technique was trialed in 1925 to outstanding success, after which the program rolled out rapidly to over 100 posts in that year. For the large roll out, a map was divided into 1.2 mile squares which then reported via telephone lines to their respective Observer Corps Group Headquarters. The full scale system across Britain was tested during the 1939 Air Exercises after which the posts were manned unbroken for 6 years until the end of the war.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 109-111.</ref>
 

===Fighter Command Operations Room and Filter Room===
[[File:bentleyPriory.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bentley Priory Fighter Command and Operations Room<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 98.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command and Operations Room was manned by the Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Commander-in-Chiefs of the Observer Corps and the Anti-Aircraft Command, the liaison officers of Bomber and Coastal Commands, the liaison officer of the Admiralty, and the liaison officer for the Ministry of Home Security. The room housed the plotting table that displayed aircraft over all of the UK and the sea approaches. The Filter Room was located underneath the Fighter Command Operations Room. Its job was to receive all of the plots from the Radar Stations, compile them and cross reference the plots with the IFF plots. These cross referenced plots were then passed upstairs to the Fighter Command Operations Room.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105.</ref>
 

===Group and Sector Operations Rooms===
The Group Operations Room received radar plots from the Filter Rooms and visual plots from the Observer Corps. The information was analyzed and then used to direct sectors to deal with incoming raids. In the event the Group Operations Room was knocked out in a raid, each Sector Operations Room could be used as the command center. Each Sector Operations Room had its own plotting tables with radar and Observer Corps plots provided from the Filter Room. When a Sector Operations Room was given notice of an enemy raid, a controller would order an aircraft launch and then vector them for an intercept, which was confirmed when the formation leader called 'Tally Ho!' which means enemy in sight.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105-106.</ref> To vector the aircraft, the controller needed to know the location of the friendlies which was reported by the Direction-finding Triangulation who received information from the Direction Finding, D/F, stations. The Sector Operations Room also controlled the anti-aircraft guns and Balloon Barrages. As with the aircraft launches, the Sector Controller would alert the guns and balloons to incoming enemy raids to allow them time to get into position.<ref>RAF. (n.d.). RAF - The RAF Fighter Control System. Retrieved June 07, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/fightercontrolsystem.cfm]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
As the background has covered the RAF and its command structure during the Battle of Britain in writing, the below deliverable illustrates this system through an animation to really show how it worked. The command structure was much more vast than the animation covers but it does take the essential parts and simplify it to more easily illustrate the command system.
 For the animation [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/RAF/raf.html Click here].
 

=Conclusion=
This milestone background covered the process of the preparation of the RAF prior to World War II, how the RAF was able to withstand the Luftwaffe onslaught during the Battle of Britain, and the details of the technical workings of the RAF aircraft and command structure and the German aircraft. A key part of the entire British system was the many levels of command that divided the massive area of the country yet were able to keep information flowing quickly and effectively to respond to threats. The deliverable then went on to show this command structure in a visual animation to help illustrate how it operated. 
A potential future inquiry could be how the German command structure differed from the British and how that led to their failure in defeating the British.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain

2017-06-22T17:12:07Z

Nbjohnson: /* Aircraft Production Ramp up */

=Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

[[File:no12FighterSquadron.jpg|thumb|right|450px|No. 12 Fighter Squadron<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 175.</ref>]]
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany, that I obtained from the Royal Air Force museum, then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. This command was essential and how it operated proved vital during the Battle of Britain. The deliverable then shows this Fighter Command structure visually in an interactive animation. Previously, I have taken two History courses with one of them being on World War II so I do have some previous background. My main takeaway from my experience with this milestone is that it is very impressive how many forces the British were able to coordinate to defend the country with such short notice of incoming aircraft.
 

=Introduction=
This milestone covers the Royal Air Force, RAF, and its impact on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how it was technically able to have this impact. This topic is very important, as without the RAF holding off the Luftwaffe, Britain would have been invaded in short time. I'm sure many people have covered British Fighter Command and the Battle of Britain but building up a background and displaying it in an interactive visual animation is something I think is special to my project and makes it unique. I have studied the Battle of Britain on a large scale in the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI, but we did not cover the inner workings of the RAF and its defense.
 

=Section 1: Background=
==Aircraft Production Ramp up==
After the breakup of the League of Nations' Disarmament Conference in 1934, Britain began its expansion of its Air Force. This first expansion announcement was known as 'Scheme A'. Shortly after this announcement Britain's Secretary of State for air, Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, increased the expansion program.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 75.</ref> The goal for the program was to increase the RAF, Royal Air Force, by 588 aircraft to include a total of 1512 aircraft. To make the goal a reality, the Shadow Factory scheme was put into place in March 1936. This program built state owned plants that were managed by non-aerospace industrial manufacturers who built products designed by aircraft makers.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 76.</ref> One example, Lord Huffield's company, Wolseley, was given control of the Castle Bromwich factory that built Spitfires under the guidance of Vickers Supermarine. In the end, Huffield's company was very inefficient at running the factory which was then turned over to Vickers Supermarine directly to manufacture Spitfires. This was an instance of the Shadow factory scheme not working well and hurt Britain at the beginning of the Battle of Britain because of the limited number of Spitfires that were available. Other manufacturers also had issues, but some excelled at their duties, it was a mixed bag of performances. The important part was to get as many aircraft ready to fly as possible to thwart the oncoming German aggression.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 77-78.</ref> Below is the technical descriptions of the main aircraft used on both the British side and German side during the Battle of Britain to show how the aircraft would perform against one another in combat.
 

==British RAF==
===Blenheim===
[[File:blenheim.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Blenheim<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>]]
The Bristol Blenheim was a two seater night fighter that was converted from the original design of a light bomber. Powering the plane were two 840 hp Bristol Mercury VIII radial piston engines. It had a maximum speed of 260 mph at 12,000 ft, with a service ceiling of 24,600 ft. It had a range of 1,460 miles on its internal tanks. The empty weight of the plane was 8,100 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 12,500 lbs. it had a wingspan of 56 ft 4 in, a length of 39 ft 9 in, and a height of 12 ft 10 in. It was armed with six 0.303 in machine guns.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>
====Variants====
Blenheim Mk I 
Blenheim Mk IF 
Blenheim Mk IV 
Blenheim Mk IVF 
Blenheim Mk V 
 

===Defiant===
[[File:defiant.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Defiant<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 16.</ref>]]
The Boulton Paul Defiant was a two seater fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Tolls-Royce Merlin III twelve cylinder liquid cooled engine. It had a maximum speed of 304 mph at 17,000 ft with a service ceiling of 30,348 ft. It had a maximum range of 465 miles. Its empty weight was 6,281 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 8,424 lbs. It had a wingspan of 39 ft 4 in, a length of 35 ft 4 in, and a height of 11 ft 4 in. It was armed with four 0.303 in Browning machine guns mounted to a hydraulically operated turret behind the pilot. The turret allowed for exceptional coverage but being a heavier aircraft it was sluggish in combat and was vulnerable to conventional enemy fighters. After several massacres at the hands of the Luftwaffe the fighter transitioned into a Night Fighter but when that wasn't successful either the fighter was phased out.<ref>Boulton Paul Defiant. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/campaign/battle-of-britain-75th/aircraft/boulton-paul-defiant/]</ref><ref>J. (2015, May 26). 9 Iconic Aircraft From The Battle Of Britain. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/9-iconic-aircraft-from-the-battle-of-britain]</ref><ref>Boulton Paul Defiant Night-fighter / Interceptor Aircraft. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=142]</ref>
====Variants====
Defiant Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk I 
Defiant TT.Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk II 
Defiant TT.Mk II 
 

===Hurricane===
[[File:hurricaneMk1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hurricane]]
The Hawker Hurricane was a single seater fighter/fighter-bomber. It was powered by one 1,280 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XX V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph at 22,000 ft with a service ceiling of 36,500 ft. The range of the plane was 480 miles with internal tanks, but also had external tanks with a capacity of 90 gallons which about doubled this range. The empty aircraft weighed in at 5,500 lbs, with a maximum take-off weight of 7,300 lbs. The plane had a wingspan of 40 ft, length of 32 ft 2 1/2 in, and a height of 13 ft 1 in. It was armed with twelve 0.303-in forward-firing machine-guns, plus two 250 lb or one 500 lb bombs. The later versions of this aircraft replaced the twelve 0.303-in machine guns with four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 10.</ref>
====Variants====
Hurricane Mk I 
Hurricane Mk II 
Hurricane Mk III 
Hurricane Mk IV 
Hurricane Mk V 
 

===Spitfire===
[[File: spitfireMk1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Spitfire]]
The Supermarine Spitfire was a single seater day fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II or III V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 355 mph at 19,000 ft with a service ceiling of 34,000 ft. It had a maximum range of 495 miles on its internal tanks. Empty it weighed in at 4,796 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 5,332 lbs. It had a wingspan of 36 ft 10 in, a length of 29 ft 11 in, and a height of 11 ft 5 in. It was initially armed with 8 0.303-in Browning machine guns, but later on in the war 20 mm Hispano cannons were introduced. There were several different wing designs throughout its lifetime that were used to house different weapons. The original A wing housed eight 0.303-in machine guns, the B wing housed four 0.303-in machine guns and two 20 mm cannons, and the C wing was interchangeable and could be formatted like the previous A and B wings or a third option of four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 13.</ref> Later in the war more wing variants were developed, the D wing was a specialized wing for photo reconnaissance aircraft providing extra fuel to allow for a range of up to 2000 miles, the E wing housed two 20 mm and two 0.5 in cannons as well as the capacity to hold a 250 lb bomb on each wing.<ref>Rickard, J. (2007, March 12). Supermarine Spitfire - the gun wings. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_spitfire_wings.html]</ref><ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 46.</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: spitfire.png]]
 

==German Luftwaffe==
===Messerschmitt Bf 109===
[[File: Bf109new.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a single seater multirole fighter. It was powered by a 1,200 hp Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid cooled 12 cylinder piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 359 mph and a service ceiling of 36,499 ft. It had a maximum range of 680 miles. When empty it had a weight of 4,440 lbs and a maximum takeoff weight of 6,100 lbs. It measured 32 ft 4 in in wingspan, 28 ft 8 in in length, and 11 ft 2 in in height. For armament it had a cannon in the propeller hub, two to four 7.9 mm machine guns, and two cannons in underwing gunpods.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 109 Single-Seat Multirole Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=83]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 109.png]]

===Messerschmitt Bf 110===
[[File:Bf110G-4.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Messerschmitt Bf 110]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zestorer was a two seater Heavy Fighter/Fighter-bomber. It was powered by two Daimler Benz DB 601B-1 V-12 piston engines producing 1,474 hp. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph with a service ceiling of 26,247 ft. It had a maximum range of 1,305 miles. The empty weight of the aircraft was 11,222 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 21,804 lbs. It had a wingspan of 53 ft 4 in, a length of 42 ft 9 in, and a height of 13 ft 8 in. It was armed with two 30 mm and two 20 mm cannons in its nose and two 7.92 mm machine guns in the rear cockpit. The fighter bomber versions could also carry up to 4,410 lbs of conventional drop bombs. The aircraft excelled at its main design point of being a combat destroyer, but maneuverability was its weakest quality.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstorer (Destroyer) Heavy Fighter / Fighter-Bomber / Night Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=96]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 110.png]]

==British Fighter Command==
[[File:fighterCommandMap.JPG|thumb|left|500px|British Fighter Command Grid<ref>Great Britain. Royal Air Force. Fighter Command. (1941). Gnomonic Chart with Fighter Command Grid super imposed.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command's Commander-in-Chief during the lead up to and during the Battle of Britain was Sir Hugh Dowding.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 83.</ref> The role of Fighter Command was to repel any attack on Britain from the Luftwaffe, German Air Force. To best complete this mission Dowding had a plan to divide his resources across England. The No. 11 group which covered the southeast of the country was supplied with 12 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, and 4 Blenheim squadrons. The No. 12 group which covered the East Anglia area was supplied with 5 Hurricane, 5 Spitfire, 2 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 13 group in the north was supplied with 3 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, 1 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 10 covering the west included 2 Hurricane, and 2 Spitfire squadrons. Many people felt that Dowding should have concentrated all of his best fighters in the No. 11 group as that was the most likely to encounter fighter opposition. Dowding knew that the Battle of Britain would be a war of attrition and to keep a mix of fighters in less dangerous areas as a reserve would be important to the upcoming battle.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 90.</ref> The Fighter Command had plenty of aircraft to go around with production ramping up, but pilots were much more difficult to replace. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain many squadrons were over-manned but as it dragged on training new pilots became a problem. As training took 6 months there were not enough pilots to have Fighter Command at full strength so the training courses were reduced to 4 weeks with the squadrons left to finish the pilot's training, sometimes with disastrous consequences.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 91.</ref> Dowding was not the most liked of the leaders in the military and was eventually forced out of his position as the head of Fighter Command on November 17, 1940.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 99.</ref> At the time, no one recognized the importance of his work and how he saved Britain. Most importantly he set up a system of [[Impact of the RAF on WW2#Fighter Command and Control System | direction and control]] for his fighters to get the most out of their limited resources. Second, Dowding pushed to limit the support of the French in terms of aircraft that were essential to defending Britain in an air attack; he didn't stop the outflow of aircraft but helped reduce the number of aircraft supplied to France. Third, his careful placement and use of fighter resources prevented being draw into a major battle and having his forces destroyed. His plan to keep fighters in reserve to reinforce the main No. 11 group was essential to this even though it gained much criticism.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 93-97.</ref>
 

==Fighter Command and Control System==

===Radar Stations===
[[File:radarStation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Radar Station<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 97.</ref>]]
At the time Radar was known as Radio Direction Finding and the system that was in use by the British was simple but effective. The initial deployment was High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF DF) to find the position of a friendly aircraft when it was out of sight of the controller. As the technology became refined, Fighter Command began experimenting with radar controlled intercepts of unknown targets in 1936.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 100.</ref> In 1937, the system in use was known as Pip Squeak. This system transmitted a coded DF signal for 14 seconds every minute to allow the controllers to know the identity of each aircraft. To identify the other aircraft not using the Pip Squeak system they turned to physicist Robert Watson-Watt. This new technology was designated RDF which was rapidly developed. In only a few months the system was up and running detecting aircraft out to 58 miles. A string of these radar stations were built on the southern coast in 1936 and became fully operational in 1938.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 103-104.</ref> This first chain of 21 stations was called Chain Home and utilized fixed antenna arrays. There was also another set of radar stations called the Chain Home Low stations, of which there were 30, that utilized a rotating antenna for a narrow search beam. These were not as effective as they had less range and could not provide altitude information.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> In addition to these radar advances, an improvement in plane identification was also being developed. The new system was called IFF, Identification Friend or Foe. The IFF was a small transmitter that produced a distinctive radar blip to allow radar operators to differentiate between friend and foe.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> When both friendly and enemy planes were spotted on radar that information was then sent to the Filter Room to be assessed.
 

===Observer Corps===
[[File:observerCorps.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Observer Corps<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 112.</ref>]]
The Observer Corps was a volunteer service meant to fill in the gaps of radar. Radar was successful at looking out to sea but was blind to its back on land. The job of the Observer Corps was to track and report the movement of aircraft over land. Volunteers for the Observer Corps used binoculars, telescopes, and makeshift devices to determine the altitude and bearing of enemy aircraft. This technique was trialed in 1925 to outstanding success, after which the program rolled out rapidly to over 100 posts in that year. For the large roll out, a map was divided into 1.2 mile squares which then reported via telephone lines to their respective Observer Corps Group Headquarters. The full scale system across Britain was tested during the 1939 Air Exercises after which the posts were manned unbroken for 6 years until the end of the war.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 109-111.</ref>
 

===Fighter Command Operations Room and Filter Room===
[[File:bentleyPriory.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bentley Priory Fighter Command and Operations Room<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 98.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command and Operations Room was manned by the Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Commander-in-Chiefs of the Observer Corps and the Anti-Aircraft Command, the liaison officers of Bomber and Coastal Commands, the liaison officer of the Admiralty, and the liaison officer for the Ministry of Home Security. The room housed the plotting table that displayed aircraft over all of the UK and the sea approaches. The Filter Room was located underneath the Fighter Command Operations Room. Its job was to receive all of the plots from the Radar Stations, compile them and cross reference the plots with the IFF plots. These cross referenced plots were then passed upstairs to the Fighter Command Operations Room.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105.</ref>
 

===Group and Sector Operations Rooms===
The Group Operations Room received radar plots from the Filter Rooms and visual plots from the Observer Corps. The information was analyzed and then used to direct sectors to deal with incoming raids. In the event the Group Operations Room was knocked out in a raid, each Sector Operations Room could be used as the command center. Each Sector Operations Room had its own plotting tables with radar and Observer Corps plots provided from the Filter Room. When a Sector Operations Room was given notice of an enemy raid a controller would order an aircraft launch and then vector them for an intercept which was confirmed when the formation leader called 'Tally Ho!' which means enemy in sight.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105-106.</ref> To vector the aircraft, the controller needed to know the location of the friendlies which was reported by the Direction-finding Triangulation who received information from the Direction Finding, D/F, stations. The Sector Operations Room also controlled the anti-aircraft guns and Balloon Barrages. As with the aircraft launches, the Sector Controller would alert the guns and balloons to incoming enemy raids to allow them time to position.<ref>RAF. (n.d.). RAF - The RAF Fighter Control System. Retrieved June 07, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/fightercontrolsystem.cfm]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
As the background has covered the RAF and its command structure during the Battle of Britain in writing, the below deliverable illustrates this system through an animation to really show how it worked. The command structure was much more vast than the animation covers but it does take the essential parts and simplify it to more easily illustrate the command system.
 For the animation [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/RAF/raf.html Click here].
 

=Conclusion=
This milestone background covered the process of the preparation of the RAF prior to World War II, how the RAF was able to withstand the Luftwaffe onslaught during the Battle of Britain, and the details of the technical workings of the RAF aircraft and command structure and the German aircraft. A key part of the entire British system was the many levels of command that divided the massive area of the country yet were able to keep information flowing quickly and effectively to respond to threats. The deliverable then went on to show this command structure in a visual animation to help illustrate how it operated. 
A potential future inquiry could be how the German command structure differed from the British and how that led to their failure in defeating the British.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain

2017-06-22T17:10:33Z

Nbjohnson: /* Aircraft Production Ramp up */

=Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

[[File:no12FighterSquadron.jpg|thumb|right|450px|No. 12 Fighter Squadron<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 175.</ref>]]
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany, that I obtained from the Royal Air Force museum, then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. This command was essential and how it operated proved vital during the Battle of Britain. The deliverable then shows this Fighter Command structure visually in an interactive animation. Previously, I have taken two History courses with one of them being on World War II so I do have some previous background. My main takeaway from my experience with this milestone is that it is very impressive how many forces the British were able to coordinate to defend the country with such short notice of incoming aircraft.
 

=Introduction=
This milestone covers the Royal Air Force, RAF, and its impact on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how it was technically able to have this impact. This topic is very important, as without the RAF holding off the Luftwaffe, Britain would have been invaded in short time. I'm sure many people have covered British Fighter Command and the Battle of Britain but building up a background and displaying it in an interactive visual animation is something I think is special to my project and makes it unique. I have studied the Battle of Britain on a large scale in the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI, but we did not cover the inner workings of the RAF and its defense.
 

=Section 1: Background=
==Aircraft Production Ramp up==
After the breakup of the League of Nations' Disarmament Conference in 1934, Britain began its expansion of its Air Force. This first expansion announcement was known as 'Scheme A'. Shortly after this announcement Britain's Secretary of State for air, Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, increased the expansion program.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 75.</ref> The goal for the program was to increase the RAF, Royal Air Force, by 588 aircraft to include a total of 1512 aircraft. To make the goal a reality, the Shadow Factory scheme was put into place in March 1936. This program built state owned plants that were managed by non-aerospace industrial manufacturers who built products designed by aircraft makers.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 76.</ref> One example, Lord Huffield's company, Wolseley, was given control of the Castle Bromwich factory that built Spitfires under the guidance of Vickers Supermarine. In the end, Huffield's company was very inefficient at running the factory which was then turned over to Vickers Supermarine directly to manufacture Spitfires. This was an instance of the Shadow factory scheme not working well and hurt Britain at the beginning of the Battle of Britain because of the limited number of Spitfires that were available. Other manufacturers also had issues, but some excelled at their duties, it was a mixed bag of performances. The important part was to get as many aircraft ready to fly as possible to thwart the oncoming German aggression.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 77-78.</ref> Below, the technical descriptions of the main aircraft used on both the British side and German side is shown to match up how the aircraft would perform against one another in combat.
 

==British RAF==
===Blenheim===
[[File:blenheim.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Blenheim<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>]]
The Bristol Blenheim was a two seater night fighter that was converted from the original design of a light bomber. Powering the plane were two 840 hp Bristol Mercury VIII radial piston engines. It had a maximum speed of 260 mph at 12,000 ft, with a service ceiling of 24,600 ft. It had a range of 1,460 miles on its internal tanks. The empty weight of the plane was 8,100 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 12,500 lbs. it had a wingspan of 56 ft 4 in, a length of 39 ft 9 in, and a height of 12 ft 10 in. It was armed with six 0.303 in machine guns.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>
====Variants====
Blenheim Mk I 
Blenheim Mk IF 
Blenheim Mk IV 
Blenheim Mk IVF 
Blenheim Mk V 
 

===Defiant===
[[File:defiant.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Defiant<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 16.</ref>]]
The Boulton Paul Defiant was a two seater fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Tolls-Royce Merlin III twelve cylinder liquid cooled engine. It had a maximum speed of 304 mph at 17,000 ft with a service ceiling of 30,348 ft. It had a maximum range of 465 miles. Its empty weight was 6,281 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 8,424 lbs. It had a wingspan of 39 ft 4 in, a length of 35 ft 4 in, and a height of 11 ft 4 in. It was armed with four 0.303 in Browning machine guns mounted to a hydraulically operated turret behind the pilot. The turret allowed for exceptional coverage but being a heavier aircraft it was sluggish in combat and was vulnerable to conventional enemy fighters. After several massacres at the hands of the Luftwaffe the fighter transitioned into a Night Fighter but when that wasn't successful either the fighter was phased out.<ref>Boulton Paul Defiant. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/campaign/battle-of-britain-75th/aircraft/boulton-paul-defiant/]</ref><ref>J. (2015, May 26). 9 Iconic Aircraft From The Battle Of Britain. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/9-iconic-aircraft-from-the-battle-of-britain]</ref><ref>Boulton Paul Defiant Night-fighter / Interceptor Aircraft. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=142]</ref>
====Variants====
Defiant Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk I 
Defiant TT.Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk II 
Defiant TT.Mk II 
 

===Hurricane===
[[File:hurricaneMk1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hurricane]]
The Hawker Hurricane was a single seater fighter/fighter-bomber. It was powered by one 1,280 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XX V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph at 22,000 ft with a service ceiling of 36,500 ft. The range of the plane was 480 miles with internal tanks, but also had external tanks with a capacity of 90 gallons which about doubled this range. The empty aircraft weighed in at 5,500 lbs, with a maximum take-off weight of 7,300 lbs. The plane had a wingspan of 40 ft, length of 32 ft 2 1/2 in, and a height of 13 ft 1 in. It was armed with twelve 0.303-in forward-firing machine-guns, plus two 250 lb or one 500 lb bombs. The later versions of this aircraft replaced the twelve 0.303-in machine guns with four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 10.</ref>
====Variants====
Hurricane Mk I 
Hurricane Mk II 
Hurricane Mk III 
Hurricane Mk IV 
Hurricane Mk V 
 

===Spitfire===
[[File: spitfireMk1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Spitfire]]
The Supermarine Spitfire was a single seater day fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II or III V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 355 mph at 19,000 ft with a service ceiling of 34,000 ft. It had a maximum range of 495 miles on its internal tanks. Empty it weighed in at 4,796 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 5,332 lbs. It had a wingspan of 36 ft 10 in, a length of 29 ft 11 in, and a height of 11 ft 5 in. It was initially armed with 8 0.303-in Browning machine guns, but later on in the war 20 mm Hispano cannons were introduced. There were several different wing designs throughout its lifetime that were used to house different weapons. The original A wing housed eight 0.303-in machine guns, the B wing housed four 0.303-in machine guns and two 20 mm cannons, and the C wing was interchangeable and could be formatted like the previous A and B wings or a third option of four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 13.</ref> Later in the war more wing variants were developed, the D wing was a specialized wing for photo reconnaissance aircraft providing extra fuel to allow for a range of up to 2000 miles, the E wing housed two 20 mm and two 0.5 in cannons as well as the capacity to hold a 250 lb bomb on each wing.<ref>Rickard, J. (2007, March 12). Supermarine Spitfire - the gun wings. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_spitfire_wings.html]</ref><ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 46.</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: spitfire.png]]
 

==German Luftwaffe==
===Messerschmitt Bf 109===
[[File: Bf109new.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a single seater multirole fighter. It was powered by a 1,200 hp Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid cooled 12 cylinder piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 359 mph and a service ceiling of 36,499 ft. It had a maximum range of 680 miles. When empty it had a weight of 4,440 lbs and a maximum takeoff weight of 6,100 lbs. It measured 32 ft 4 in in wingspan, 28 ft 8 in in length, and 11 ft 2 in in height. For armament it had a cannon in the propeller hub, two to four 7.9 mm machine guns, and two cannons in underwing gunpods.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 109 Single-Seat Multirole Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=83]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 109.png]]

===Messerschmitt Bf 110===
[[File:Bf110G-4.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Messerschmitt Bf 110]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zestorer was a two seater Heavy Fighter/Fighter-bomber. It was powered by two Daimler Benz DB 601B-1 V-12 piston engines producing 1,474 hp. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph with a service ceiling of 26,247 ft. It had a maximum range of 1,305 miles. The empty weight of the aircraft was 11,222 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 21,804 lbs. It had a wingspan of 53 ft 4 in, a length of 42 ft 9 in, and a height of 13 ft 8 in. It was armed with two 30 mm and two 20 mm cannons in its nose and two 7.92 mm machine guns in the rear cockpit. The fighter bomber versions could also carry up to 4,410 lbs of conventional drop bombs. The aircraft excelled at its main design point of being a combat destroyer, but maneuverability was its weakest quality.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstorer (Destroyer) Heavy Fighter / Fighter-Bomber / Night Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=96]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 110.png]]

==British Fighter Command==
[[File:fighterCommandMap.JPG|thumb|left|500px|British Fighter Command Grid<ref>Great Britain. Royal Air Force. Fighter Command. (1941). Gnomonic Chart with Fighter Command Grid super imposed.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command's Commander-in-Chief during the lead up to and during the Battle of Britain was Sir Hugh Dowding.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 83.</ref> The role of Fighter Command was to repel any attack on Britain from the Luftwaffe, German Air Force. To best complete this mission Dowding had a plan to divide his resources across England. The No. 11 group which covered the southeast of the country was supplied with 12 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, and 4 Blenheim squadrons. The No. 12 group which covered the East Anglia area was supplied with 5 Hurricane, 5 Spitfire, 2 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 13 group in the north was supplied with 3 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, 1 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 10 covering the west included 2 Hurricane, and 2 Spitfire squadrons. Many people felt that Dowding should have concentrated all of his best fighters in the No. 11 group as that was the most likely to encounter fighter opposition. Dowding knew that the Battle of Britain would be a war of attrition and to keep a mix of fighters in less dangerous areas as a reserve would be important to the upcoming battle.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 90.</ref> The Fighter Command had plenty of aircraft to go around with production ramping up, but pilots were much more difficult to replace. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain many squadrons were over-manned but as it dragged on training new pilots became a problem. As training took 6 months there were not enough pilots to have Fighter Command at full strength so the training courses were reduced to 4 weeks with the squadrons left to finish the pilot's training, sometimes with disastrous consequences.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 91.</ref> Dowding was not the most liked of the leaders in the military and was eventually forced out of his position as the head of Fighter Command on November 17, 1940.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 99.</ref> At the time, no one recognized the importance of his work and how he saved Britain. Most importantly he set up a system of [[Impact of the RAF on WW2#Fighter Command and Control System | direction and control]] for his fighters to get the most out of their limited resources. Second, Dowding pushed to limit the support of the French in terms of aircraft that were essential to defending Britain in an air attack; he didn't stop the outflow of aircraft but helped reduce the number of aircraft supplied to France. Third, his careful placement and use of fighter resources prevented being draw into a major battle and having his forces destroyed. His plan to keep fighters in reserve to reinforce the main No. 11 group was essential to this even though it gained much criticism.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 93-97.</ref>
 

==Fighter Command and Control System==

===Radar Stations===
[[File:radarStation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Radar Station<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 97.</ref>]]
At the time Radar was known as Radio Direction Finding and the system that was in use by the British was simple but effective. The initial deployment was High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF DF) to find the position of a friendly aircraft when it was out of sight of the controller. As the technology became refined, Fighter Command began experimenting with radar controlled intercepts of unknown targets in 1936.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 100.</ref> In 1937, the system in use was known as Pip Squeak. This system transmitted a coded DF signal for 14 seconds every minute to allow the controllers to know the identity of each aircraft. To identify the other aircraft not using the Pip Squeak system they turned to physicist Robert Watson-Watt. This new technology was designated RDF which was rapidly developed. In only a few months the system was up and running detecting aircraft out to 58 miles. A string of these radar stations were built on the southern coast in 1936 and became fully operational in 1938.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 103-104.</ref> This first chain of 21 stations was called Chain Home and utilized fixed antenna arrays. There was also another set of radar stations called the Chain Home Low stations, of which there were 30, that utilized a rotating antenna for a narrow search beam. These were not as effective as they had less range and could not provide altitude information.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> In addition to these radar advances, an improvement in plane identification was also being developed. The new system was called IFF, Identification Friend or Foe. The IFF was a small transmitter that produced a distinctive radar blip to allow radar operators to differentiate between friend and foe.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> When both friendly and enemy planes were spotted on radar that information was then sent to the Filter Room to be assessed.
 

===Observer Corps===
[[File:observerCorps.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Observer Corps<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 112.</ref>]]
The Observer Corps was a volunteer service meant to fill in the gaps of radar. Radar was successful at looking out to sea but was blind to its back on land. The job of the Observer Corps was to track and report the movement of aircraft over land. Volunteers for the Observer Corps used binoculars, telescopes, and makeshift devices to determine the altitude and bearing of enemy aircraft. This technique was trialed in 1925 to outstanding success, after which the program rolled out rapidly to over 100 posts in that year. For the large roll out, a map was divided into 1.2 mile squares which then reported via telephone lines to their respective Observer Corps Group Headquarters. The full scale system across Britain was tested during the 1939 Air Exercises after which the posts were manned unbroken for 6 years until the end of the war.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 109-111.</ref>
 

===Fighter Command Operations Room and Filter Room===
[[File:bentleyPriory.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bentley Priory Fighter Command and Operations Room<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 98.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command and Operations Room was manned by the Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Commander-in-Chiefs of the Observer Corps and the Anti-Aircraft Command, the liaison officers of Bomber and Coastal Commands, the liaison officer of the Admiralty, and the liaison officer for the Ministry of Home Security. The room housed the plotting table that displayed aircraft over all of the UK and the sea approaches. The Filter Room was located underneath the Fighter Command Operations Room. Its job was to receive all of the plots from the Radar Stations, compile them and cross reference the plots with the IFF plots. These cross referenced plots were then passed upstairs to the Fighter Command Operations Room.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105.</ref>
 

===Group and Sector Operations Rooms===
The Group Operations Room received radar plots from the Filter Rooms and visual plots from the Observer Corps. The information was analyzed and then used to direct sectors to deal with incoming raids. In the event the Group Operations Room was knocked out in a raid, each Sector Operations Room could be used as the command center. Each Sector Operations Room had its own plotting tables with radar and Observer Corps plots provided from the Filter Room. When a Sector Operations Room was given notice of an enemy raid a controller would order an aircraft launch and then vector them for an intercept which was confirmed when the formation leader called 'Tally Ho!' which means enemy in sight.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105-106.</ref> To vector the aircraft, the controller needed to know the location of the friendlies which was reported by the Direction-finding Triangulation who received information from the Direction Finding, D/F, stations. The Sector Operations Room also controlled the anti-aircraft guns and Balloon Barrages. As with the aircraft launches, the Sector Controller would alert the guns and balloons to incoming enemy raids to allow them time to position.<ref>RAF. (n.d.). RAF - The RAF Fighter Control System. Retrieved June 07, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/fightercontrolsystem.cfm]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
As the background has covered the RAF and its command structure during the Battle of Britain in writing, the below deliverable illustrates this system through an animation to really show how it worked. The command structure was much more vast than the animation covers but it does take the essential parts and simplify it to more easily illustrate the command system.
 For the animation [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/RAF/raf.html Click here].
 

=Conclusion=
This milestone background covered the process of the preparation of the RAF prior to World War II, how the RAF was able to withstand the Luftwaffe onslaught during the Battle of Britain, and the details of the technical workings of the RAF aircraft and command structure and the German aircraft. A key part of the entire British system was the many levels of command that divided the massive area of the country yet were able to keep information flowing quickly and effectively to respond to threats. The deliverable then went on to show this command structure in a visual animation to help illustrate how it operated. 
A potential future inquiry could be how the German command structure differed from the British and how that led to their failure in defeating the British.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain

2017-06-22T17:08:36Z

Nbjohnson: /* Introduction */

=Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

[[File:no12FighterSquadron.jpg|thumb|right|450px|No. 12 Fighter Squadron<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 175.</ref>]]
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany, that I obtained from the Royal Air Force museum, then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. This command was essential and how it operated proved vital during the Battle of Britain. The deliverable then shows this Fighter Command structure visually in an interactive animation. Previously, I have taken two History courses with one of them being on World War II so I do have some previous background. My main takeaway from my experience with this milestone is that it is very impressive how many forces the British were able to coordinate to defend the country with such short notice of incoming aircraft.
 

=Introduction=
This milestone covers the Royal Air Force, RAF, and its impact on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how it was technically able to have this impact. This topic is very important, as without the RAF holding off the Luftwaffe, Britain would have been invaded in short time. I'm sure many people have covered British Fighter Command and the Battle of Britain but building up a background and displaying it in an interactive visual animation is something I think is special to my project and makes it unique. I have studied the Battle of Britain on a large scale in the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI, but we did not cover the inner workings of the RAF and its defense.
 

=Section 1: Background=
==Aircraft Production Ramp up==
After the breakup of the League of Nations' Disarmament Conference in 1934, Britain began its expansion of its Air Force. This first expansion announcement was known as 'Scheme A'. Shortly after this announcement Britain's Secretary of State for air, Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, increased the expansion program.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 75.</ref> The goal for the program was to increase the RAF, Royal Air Force, by 588 aircraft to include a total of 1512 aircraft. To make the goal a reality, the Shadow Factory scheme was put into place in March 1936. This program built state owned plants that were managed by non-aerospace industrial manufacturers who built products designed by aircraft makers.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 76.</ref> One example, Lord Huffield's company, Wolseley, was given control of the Castle Bromwich factory that built Spitfires under the guidance of Vickers Supermarine. In the end, Huffield's company was very inefficient at running the factory which was then turned over to Vickers Supermarine directly to manufacture Spitfires. This was an instance of the Shadow factory scheme not working well and hurt Britain at the beginning of the Battle of Britain because of the limited number of Spitfires that were available. Other manufacturers also had issues, but some excelled at their job, it was a mixed bag of performance. The important part was to get as many aircraft ready to fly as possible to thwart the oncoming German aggression.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 77-78.</ref>
 

==British RAF==
===Blenheim===
[[File:blenheim.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Blenheim<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>]]
The Bristol Blenheim was a two seater night fighter that was converted from the original design of a light bomber. Powering the plane were two 840 hp Bristol Mercury VIII radial piston engines. It had a maximum speed of 260 mph at 12,000 ft, with a service ceiling of 24,600 ft. It had a range of 1,460 miles on its internal tanks. The empty weight of the plane was 8,100 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 12,500 lbs. it had a wingspan of 56 ft 4 in, a length of 39 ft 9 in, and a height of 12 ft 10 in. It was armed with six 0.303 in machine guns.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>
====Variants====
Blenheim Mk I 
Blenheim Mk IF 
Blenheim Mk IV 
Blenheim Mk IVF 
Blenheim Mk V 
 

===Defiant===
[[File:defiant.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Defiant<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 16.</ref>]]
The Boulton Paul Defiant was a two seater fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Tolls-Royce Merlin III twelve cylinder liquid cooled engine. It had a maximum speed of 304 mph at 17,000 ft with a service ceiling of 30,348 ft. It had a maximum range of 465 miles. Its empty weight was 6,281 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 8,424 lbs. It had a wingspan of 39 ft 4 in, a length of 35 ft 4 in, and a height of 11 ft 4 in. It was armed with four 0.303 in Browning machine guns mounted to a hydraulically operated turret behind the pilot. The turret allowed for exceptional coverage but being a heavier aircraft it was sluggish in combat and was vulnerable to conventional enemy fighters. After several massacres at the hands of the Luftwaffe the fighter transitioned into a Night Fighter but when that wasn't successful either the fighter was phased out.<ref>Boulton Paul Defiant. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/campaign/battle-of-britain-75th/aircraft/boulton-paul-defiant/]</ref><ref>J. (2015, May 26). 9 Iconic Aircraft From The Battle Of Britain. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/9-iconic-aircraft-from-the-battle-of-britain]</ref><ref>Boulton Paul Defiant Night-fighter / Interceptor Aircraft. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=142]</ref>
====Variants====
Defiant Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk I 
Defiant TT.Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk II 
Defiant TT.Mk II 
 

===Hurricane===
[[File:hurricaneMk1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hurricane]]
The Hawker Hurricane was a single seater fighter/fighter-bomber. It was powered by one 1,280 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XX V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph at 22,000 ft with a service ceiling of 36,500 ft. The range of the plane was 480 miles with internal tanks, but also had external tanks with a capacity of 90 gallons which about doubled this range. The empty aircraft weighed in at 5,500 lbs, with a maximum take-off weight of 7,300 lbs. The plane had a wingspan of 40 ft, length of 32 ft 2 1/2 in, and a height of 13 ft 1 in. It was armed with twelve 0.303-in forward-firing machine-guns, plus two 250 lb or one 500 lb bombs. The later versions of this aircraft replaced the twelve 0.303-in machine guns with four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 10.</ref>
====Variants====
Hurricane Mk I 
Hurricane Mk II 
Hurricane Mk III 
Hurricane Mk IV 
Hurricane Mk V 
 

===Spitfire===
[[File: spitfireMk1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Spitfire]]
The Supermarine Spitfire was a single seater day fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II or III V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 355 mph at 19,000 ft with a service ceiling of 34,000 ft. It had a maximum range of 495 miles on its internal tanks. Empty it weighed in at 4,796 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 5,332 lbs. It had a wingspan of 36 ft 10 in, a length of 29 ft 11 in, and a height of 11 ft 5 in. It was initially armed with 8 0.303-in Browning machine guns, but later on in the war 20 mm Hispano cannons were introduced. There were several different wing designs throughout its lifetime that were used to house different weapons. The original A wing housed eight 0.303-in machine guns, the B wing housed four 0.303-in machine guns and two 20 mm cannons, and the C wing was interchangeable and could be formatted like the previous A and B wings or a third option of four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 13.</ref> Later in the war more wing variants were developed, the D wing was a specialized wing for photo reconnaissance aircraft providing extra fuel to allow for a range of up to 2000 miles, the E wing housed two 20 mm and two 0.5 in cannons as well as the capacity to hold a 250 lb bomb on each wing.<ref>Rickard, J. (2007, March 12). Supermarine Spitfire - the gun wings. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_spitfire_wings.html]</ref><ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 46.</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: spitfire.png]]
 

==German Luftwaffe==
===Messerschmitt Bf 109===
[[File: Bf109new.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a single seater multirole fighter. It was powered by a 1,200 hp Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid cooled 12 cylinder piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 359 mph and a service ceiling of 36,499 ft. It had a maximum range of 680 miles. When empty it had a weight of 4,440 lbs and a maximum takeoff weight of 6,100 lbs. It measured 32 ft 4 in in wingspan, 28 ft 8 in in length, and 11 ft 2 in in height. For armament it had a cannon in the propeller hub, two to four 7.9 mm machine guns, and two cannons in underwing gunpods.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 109 Single-Seat Multirole Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=83]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 109.png]]

===Messerschmitt Bf 110===
[[File:Bf110G-4.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Messerschmitt Bf 110]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zestorer was a two seater Heavy Fighter/Fighter-bomber. It was powered by two Daimler Benz DB 601B-1 V-12 piston engines producing 1,474 hp. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph with a service ceiling of 26,247 ft. It had a maximum range of 1,305 miles. The empty weight of the aircraft was 11,222 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 21,804 lbs. It had a wingspan of 53 ft 4 in, a length of 42 ft 9 in, and a height of 13 ft 8 in. It was armed with two 30 mm and two 20 mm cannons in its nose and two 7.92 mm machine guns in the rear cockpit. The fighter bomber versions could also carry up to 4,410 lbs of conventional drop bombs. The aircraft excelled at its main design point of being a combat destroyer, but maneuverability was its weakest quality.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstorer (Destroyer) Heavy Fighter / Fighter-Bomber / Night Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=96]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 110.png]]

==British Fighter Command==
[[File:fighterCommandMap.JPG|thumb|left|500px|British Fighter Command Grid<ref>Great Britain. Royal Air Force. Fighter Command. (1941). Gnomonic Chart with Fighter Command Grid super imposed.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command's Commander-in-Chief during the lead up to and during the Battle of Britain was Sir Hugh Dowding.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 83.</ref> The role of Fighter Command was to repel any attack on Britain from the Luftwaffe, German Air Force. To best complete this mission Dowding had a plan to divide his resources across England. The No. 11 group which covered the southeast of the country was supplied with 12 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, and 4 Blenheim squadrons. The No. 12 group which covered the East Anglia area was supplied with 5 Hurricane, 5 Spitfire, 2 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 13 group in the north was supplied with 3 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, 1 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 10 covering the west included 2 Hurricane, and 2 Spitfire squadrons. Many people felt that Dowding should have concentrated all of his best fighters in the No. 11 group as that was the most likely to encounter fighter opposition. Dowding knew that the Battle of Britain would be a war of attrition and to keep a mix of fighters in less dangerous areas as a reserve would be important to the upcoming battle.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 90.</ref> The Fighter Command had plenty of aircraft to go around with production ramping up, but pilots were much more difficult to replace. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain many squadrons were over-manned but as it dragged on training new pilots became a problem. As training took 6 months there were not enough pilots to have Fighter Command at full strength so the training courses were reduced to 4 weeks with the squadrons left to finish the pilot's training, sometimes with disastrous consequences.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 91.</ref> Dowding was not the most liked of the leaders in the military and was eventually forced out of his position as the head of Fighter Command on November 17, 1940.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 99.</ref> At the time, no one recognized the importance of his work and how he saved Britain. Most importantly he set up a system of [[Impact of the RAF on WW2#Fighter Command and Control System | direction and control]] for his fighters to get the most out of their limited resources. Second, Dowding pushed to limit the support of the French in terms of aircraft that were essential to defending Britain in an air attack; he didn't stop the outflow of aircraft but helped reduce the number of aircraft supplied to France. Third, his careful placement and use of fighter resources prevented being draw into a major battle and having his forces destroyed. His plan to keep fighters in reserve to reinforce the main No. 11 group was essential to this even though it gained much criticism.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 93-97.</ref>
 

==Fighter Command and Control System==

===Radar Stations===
[[File:radarStation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Radar Station<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 97.</ref>]]
At the time Radar was known as Radio Direction Finding and the system that was in use by the British was simple but effective. The initial deployment was High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF DF) to find the position of a friendly aircraft when it was out of sight of the controller. As the technology became refined, Fighter Command began experimenting with radar controlled intercepts of unknown targets in 1936.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 100.</ref> In 1937, the system in use was known as Pip Squeak. This system transmitted a coded DF signal for 14 seconds every minute to allow the controllers to know the identity of each aircraft. To identify the other aircraft not using the Pip Squeak system they turned to physicist Robert Watson-Watt. This new technology was designated RDF which was rapidly developed. In only a few months the system was up and running detecting aircraft out to 58 miles. A string of these radar stations were built on the southern coast in 1936 and became fully operational in 1938.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 103-104.</ref> This first chain of 21 stations was called Chain Home and utilized fixed antenna arrays. There was also another set of radar stations called the Chain Home Low stations, of which there were 30, that utilized a rotating antenna for a narrow search beam. These were not as effective as they had less range and could not provide altitude information.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> In addition to these radar advances, an improvement in plane identification was also being developed. The new system was called IFF, Identification Friend or Foe. The IFF was a small transmitter that produced a distinctive radar blip to allow radar operators to differentiate between friend and foe.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> When both friendly and enemy planes were spotted on radar that information was then sent to the Filter Room to be assessed.
 

===Observer Corps===
[[File:observerCorps.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Observer Corps<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 112.</ref>]]
The Observer Corps was a volunteer service meant to fill in the gaps of radar. Radar was successful at looking out to sea but was blind to its back on land. The job of the Observer Corps was to track and report the movement of aircraft over land. Volunteers for the Observer Corps used binoculars, telescopes, and makeshift devices to determine the altitude and bearing of enemy aircraft. This technique was trialed in 1925 to outstanding success, after which the program rolled out rapidly to over 100 posts in that year. For the large roll out, a map was divided into 1.2 mile squares which then reported via telephone lines to their respective Observer Corps Group Headquarters. The full scale system across Britain was tested during the 1939 Air Exercises after which the posts were manned unbroken for 6 years until the end of the war.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 109-111.</ref>
 

===Fighter Command Operations Room and Filter Room===
[[File:bentleyPriory.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bentley Priory Fighter Command and Operations Room<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 98.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command and Operations Room was manned by the Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Commander-in-Chiefs of the Observer Corps and the Anti-Aircraft Command, the liaison officers of Bomber and Coastal Commands, the liaison officer of the Admiralty, and the liaison officer for the Ministry of Home Security. The room housed the plotting table that displayed aircraft over all of the UK and the sea approaches. The Filter Room was located underneath the Fighter Command Operations Room. Its job was to receive all of the plots from the Radar Stations, compile them and cross reference the plots with the IFF plots. These cross referenced plots were then passed upstairs to the Fighter Command Operations Room.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105.</ref>
 

===Group and Sector Operations Rooms===
The Group Operations Room received radar plots from the Filter Rooms and visual plots from the Observer Corps. The information was analyzed and then used to direct sectors to deal with incoming raids. In the event the Group Operations Room was knocked out in a raid, each Sector Operations Room could be used as the command center. Each Sector Operations Room had its own plotting tables with radar and Observer Corps plots provided from the Filter Room. When a Sector Operations Room was given notice of an enemy raid a controller would order an aircraft launch and then vector them for an intercept which was confirmed when the formation leader called 'Tally Ho!' which means enemy in sight.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105-106.</ref> To vector the aircraft, the controller needed to know the location of the friendlies which was reported by the Direction-finding Triangulation who received information from the Direction Finding, D/F, stations. The Sector Operations Room also controlled the anti-aircraft guns and Balloon Barrages. As with the aircraft launches, the Sector Controller would alert the guns and balloons to incoming enemy raids to allow them time to position.<ref>RAF. (n.d.). RAF - The RAF Fighter Control System. Retrieved June 07, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/fightercontrolsystem.cfm]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
As the background has covered the RAF and its command structure during the Battle of Britain in writing, the below deliverable illustrates this system through an animation to really show how it worked. The command structure was much more vast than the animation covers but it does take the essential parts and simplify it to more easily illustrate the command system.
 For the animation [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/RAF/raf.html Click here].
 

=Conclusion=
This milestone background covered the process of the preparation of the RAF prior to World War II, how the RAF was able to withstand the Luftwaffe onslaught during the Battle of Britain, and the details of the technical workings of the RAF aircraft and command structure and the German aircraft. A key part of the entire British system was the many levels of command that divided the massive area of the country yet were able to keep information flowing quickly and effectively to respond to threats. The deliverable then went on to show this command structure in a visual animation to help illustrate how it operated. 
A potential future inquiry could be how the German command structure differed from the British and how that led to their failure in defeating the British.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T17:07:15Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 25 */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
|header1 =
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:WhiteTower.JPG
Image:Knight.JPG
Image:Guards.JPG
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</gallery>
 
 

==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end which required you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to current. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were set up in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layouts and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. The Cafe had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a challenge to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This, coupled with the rerouted train on the way back, made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip. There were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also, there was a video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a young student field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which was unfortunate as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Dollhouse was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US at Arlington and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T17:06:48Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 25 */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end which required you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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</gallery>

==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to current. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were set up in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layouts and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. The Cafe had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a challenge to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This, coupled with the rerouted train on the way back, made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip. There were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also, there was a video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a young student field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which was unfortunate as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Dollhouse was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T17:06:22Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 21 Activity 5A */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end which required you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to current. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were set up in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layouts and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. The Cafe had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a challenge to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This, coupled with the rerouted train on the way back, made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip. There were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also, there was a video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a young student field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which was unfortunate as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T17:05:32Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 17 Activity 4A */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end which required you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to current. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were set up in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layouts and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. The Cafe had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a challenge to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This, coupled with the rerouted train on the way back, made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip. There were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also, there was a video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a young student field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T17:04:35Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 12 Activity 3B */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end which required you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to current. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were set up in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layouts and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. The Cafe had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a challenge to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This, coupled with the rerouted train on the way back, made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip. There were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also, there was a video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a young student field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
<gallery mode="packed>
Image: windsor1.JPG
Image: windsor2.JPG
Image: windsorGuard.JPG
Image: windsor3.JPG
Image: windsorGuard2.jpg
</gallery>

==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
<gallery mode="packed>
Image: stmartininthefield.JPG
</gallery>

==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: winchester1.JPG
Image: winchester2.JPG
</gallery>
 

==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

British WW2 Codebreaking

2017-06-22T17:02:42Z

Nbjohnson:

=British World War II Codebreaking=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

{{Infobox
|title = British WW2 Codebreaking
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:enigma.JPG|x450px]]
|caption = 3 Rotor Enigma Machine
|label2 = '''Location'''
|data2 = Bletchley Park
}}
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This project was all about the impact of Enigma on World War II from its introduction to it being broken by British cryptographers. I have taken a history class covering World War II but not specifically on Enigma. I have always been very interested in the design of the machine so studying here in England is the best place for me to research and understand it. The opportunity to go to Bletchley Park, the location where all of the codebreaking was performed, and research this topic was amazing. The amount of information available and just the atmosphere there was astounding. I have learned so much about the British codebreaking efforts while in London which I have always wanted to do.
 

=Introduction=
This project milestone looks at the impact of the British codebreaking effort, specifically in terms of the Enigma machine. It covers what the Enigma machine is, who the key individuals were in breaking it and how it was broken. It also looks at the impact on the rest of the war and the future of cryptography after Enigma was used and then subsequently broken. Anyone with an interest in World War II, cryptography, or militaries would be very keen to learn about the Enigma machine because of its impact in History. I have not had a class cover Enigma in depth before so I choose it because of my fascination with the technology.
 

=Section 1: Background=
 
==Enigma==
[[File:enigmaRotor.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Enigma Rotor]]
In order for the German Military to communicate with troops on the battlefield and submarines away from base, radio signals were utilized. This had advantages, but it did also have its drawbacks. Since it was radio signals the enemy could intercept them. To protect the messages, they needed to be enciphered. In the 1920s, a German Engineer named Arthur Scherbius designed many different cipher machines. He settled on a design and called it Enigma.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 111.</ref> This original design for Enigma was based upon a 26 letter keyboard for inputting the plaintext message, 26 lamps to show the cipher letters, a power supply, three removable wired wheels that rotate around a common axis, a fixed reflector, and a fixed entry wheel. This setup introduced two important features; no letter can encipher itself, and there is symmetry of plain-cipher pairs, ex. if J enciphers M, then M enciphers J.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 112-115.</ref> This scrambling of letters would have been the equivalent of a complex substitution cipher if the wheels didn't move, but they did. Whenever a key was pressed a mechanical mechanism advanced the wheel one position, so after 26 key presses the first wheel would return to its starting position. At this point the second wheel would then turn, and once that wheel made a full rotation then the third wheel would turn. This rotating mechanism made the enciphering process very complex as all three wheels would not have returned to their original positions until 16,900 letters would have been enciphered.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 119.</ref> This rotating motion made deciphering difficult, but several other parts of the machine made things even more sophisticated. One of these was the option to take off the three wheels and reorder them in six different ways, this produced 101,400 different substitution alphabets. To add even more of a challenge for anyone trying to decrypt the messages, the rotors could be started in any one of the 26 positions which created 105,456 possible starting positions and substitution alphabets, and that's with having an Enigma machine which allowed one to know the wiring.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 119-120.</ref>

[[File: enigmaDiagram.JPG|500px|Basic Enigma Diagram]]<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 114.</ref>

The German Military did not think this original design provided sufficient protection, so they made some changes to the design for their use. One major modification that they introduced was the plugboard. The plugboard used up to thirteen short cables, the German's used ten, to switch letters at input and output of the machine. If, for example, B was connected to R, then whenever a B was pressed it would go into the rotors as an R, and vice versa. Also, if an R came out of the rotors, the B light would turn on, and vice versa.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 121.</ref> This increased the number of combinations even more, multiplying the already large amount of combinations by 150 million million.<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 213.</ref> Another modification made by the military was the addition of more rotors. They increased the number of rotors available from three to five, of which any three could be chosen, and put in any order giving 60 possible combinations for the rotor order.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 6.</ref> Later in the war, the Navy wanted more security for their Enigma setup than was used in the Army and Air Force Enigma model, so a four rotor Enigma machine was developed and distributed. With the addition of an extra rotor slot the number of rotors available to choose from was increased to eight for the Navy. In addition to the additional rotors the Naval message indicators were disguised using a bigram table.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 59.</ref> In order to determine the indicator these bigram tables needed to be known.

These changes made by the German Military made the number of possibilities unimaginable and theoretically unbreakable, but in use the Germans made several key mistakes. The first large mistake was the double encipherment of the message setting that occurred until May 1940. This double encipherment allowed the bypassing of the plugboard which had ensured the security of Enigma as analyzing 100 messages produced enough indicators to break the encipherment. Another mistake made by Germans was giving the full titles of the addressee and originator because, for use in the [[British WW2 Codebreaking#Bombe|Bombe machines]], lengthy cribs, likely plain-text messages, were needed. A third mistake was that operators sent the same message twice using different ciphers that were similar. The laziness of operators was key and was so common they got their own nickname. One of these was called Sillies, referring to an operator who used his girlfriend's name 'Cilli', which means easy to guess encoding of the message. Another of these techniques the British used was called the Herivel Tip which relied upon the operator not randomizing the key to encrypt the message from the ground setting for the day which led to patterns and allowed the 17,576 possible configurations to be reduced to close to 30. There were many techniques used to break Enigma because of the German's improper use of the machine. Many techniques came from different analysts who each saw unique patterns. In the end this paid off and allowed for many German messages to be decrypted throughout the war with the intelligence gained from them being given the code name 'Ultra'.<ref>Welchman, G. (1982). The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes. Penguin Books. pp 164-167.</ref>

===To Operate an Enigma Machine<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 123.</ref>===
1) The Operator would consult the table provided for the day's ground settings and turn the rotor's ring to those positions 
2) The Operator would choose three random letters as the start position to encipher the message with 
3) The Operator would then encode the start position twice (once after 1940) 
4) The Operator would turn the rotors to the start position and encode the message 
5) The radio operator then would transmit the encoded message using Morse code 

===To break Enigma<ref> Welchman, G. (1982). The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes. Penguin Books. pp 149-161</ref>===
1) Intercept Morse code signals using Y stations 
2) Determine a crib 
3) Set up a Menu 
4) Run the crib on the Bombe with settings from the Menu 
5) Use the possible starting positions from the Bombe on the Checking machine to determine the rest of the settings 
6) Use Enigma or modified Typex machine with settings to decrypt messages 
7) Translated to English 
8) Analyzed for intelligence worth and possibly passed up chain of command

 

==Bletchley Park==
As the war approached, Britain prepared for another world war. One part of this preparation was secret intelligence groups known as MI6 and GC&CS, Government Code and Cypher School. During the war, the central location for this type of intelligence needed to be protected while still being in the proximity of London; Bletchley Park was an option and was the one chosen to host it.<ref>Storm Clouds Gather. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from [https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/our-story/why-it-matters/storm-clouds-gather]</ref> In the beginning it was not a very large operation as it consisted of the Mansion and its outbuildings with about 150 staff.<ref>Cottage Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from [https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/our-story/why-it-matters/cottage-industry]</ref> As the operation was expanded and began breaking German Enigma codes resources were still lacking. After appealing to Winston Churchill a major building program began including Blocks for the workers and outhouses to house the Bombe machines.<ref>Intelligence Factory. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from [https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/our-story/why-it-matters/intelligence-factory]</ref> In the end dozens of buildings were built, each with their own purpose but only known by their Hut number in the name of secrecy. Below is a list of key buildings and their purposes. There are more than what are listed but these are the most important. Also below are before and after pictures of Bletchley Park which shows the massive expansion that occurred.

[[File:bletchleyBefore.JPG|415px|Bletchley Before]][[File:bletchleyAfter.JPG|400px|Bletchley After]]

===Buildings===
*Mansion - The Mansion was the main building of the initial site and housed many different groups throughout the war. The Intelligence Exchange group was housed here until it was moved to Hut 4. Most other rooms were used as offices and record keeping storage rooms.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 27-32.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: mansion.JPG|Mansion
</gallery>
*Hut 3 - Hut 3 was the intelligence hut for German Army and Air Force communications after having been processed by Hut 6. In February 1943 the Hut 3 reporting group was moved to Block D and the building was renamed Hut 23.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 8-9.</ref>
*Hut 6 - Hut 6 housed the Enigma processing machinery for the German Army and Air Force messages which then passed the information onto Hut 3 for translation and reporting. In February 1943 the Hut 6 Section moved to Block D and the building was renamed Hut 16.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 11.</ref>
*Hut 8 - Hut 8 was dedicated to the breaking of the German Naval Enigma messages. It was here that Alan Turing led his team in breaking the Naval Enigma codes. In February 1943, the Hut 8 Naval Enigma processing section moved to Block D and the building was renamed Hut 18.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp12.</ref>
*Hut 11 - Hut 11 housed the original Bombe Machines that were co-designed by Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman. It was at this location that the WRENS, Women's Royal Naval Service, worked in teams of two to set up the machines according to the menus they were given to find possible settings for the day's Enigma settings. These machines were eventually moved to Hut 11A so Hut 11 could be used to test new equipment being designed including Rob and Colossus.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 14.</ref>
*Block D - Block D was completed in January of 1943 as a one story building to be completed more quickly than the original two story design. Block D contained Huts 3, 6, and 8 which consisted of 40,000 square feet which at the time of completion was the largest building at Bletchley Park. To protect the building a weapons tower with machine guns was built on the roof to repulse any low-flying enemy aircraft.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 24.</ref>
 

==Alan Turing==
Alan Turing from Paddington, England was not like everyone else. This was noticed by both students and headmasters as he worked his way through school.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 4-5.</ref> He earned mediocre scores but outside of class excelled in his own studies. One incident that impressed his headmaster was that he found the infinite series for the inverse tangent function without elementary calculus.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 25.</ref> His ability to be mediocre at most subjects and excel at Science and Mathematics allowed him to get a scholarship to King's College. Alan graduated with a degree in Mathematics and was elected a fellow shortly thereafter. It was this fellowship connection that put him on the radar of the GC&CS, Government Code and Cipher School, who then promptly recruited him in 1938.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 148-149.</ref> Alan was placed in a group with Dillwyn Knox, John Jeffries, and Peter Twinn who made up the group responsible for breaking Enigma.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 161.</ref>

The British had spent months getting nowhere with their attempts but that changed quickly when the Poles came forward with their information. The Poles had received the wiring diagrams for Enigma from the French Secret Service in 1932 and were able to consistently break Enigma shortly thereafter.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 170.</ref> The Poles used the indicators transmitted at the beginning of every message to search tables of all possible rotor combinations to determine what was in use. This manual process was time consuming so the Poles created a machine with Enigma rotors that searched these 6 x 17,576 core combinations for them. The downside of this was that each of the six possible rotor orders required its own machine. When the Germans introduced two more rotors to be used which brought the possible rotor orders up to 60, the Poles did not have the resources to build 60 machines to search for the combinations.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 172-174.</ref> It was at this point that they passed their information onto the British and French. Alan took these ideas developed by the Poles to create an automated machine to search instead of a human. The big problem was, how do you incorporate so many physical combinations into a machine and have it know what it is searching for. The basis came from using a crib, a likely plain-text message, to compare against the encoded Enigma message. A major part of the Enigma machine was that it used a reflector which gave it a special property that no letter can encipher itself. Trying to find the exact location of a crib was made possible by this because if any letter lined up with itself then that could not be the correct position. This same phenomenon would be the basis for the Bombe machine and its search method as this contradiction helped eliminate possible plugboard combinations and make it feasible to solve.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 179.</ref> It was a brilliant design by Alan Turing, but when Gordon Welchman saw the designs he saw a way to exploit Enigma even more. His ideas, that are explained below, made the Bombe machine designed by Turing practical.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 182.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: alanTuring.jpg|Alan Turing<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 268.</ref>
Image:turingOffice.JPG|Turing Office
</gallery>
 

==Gordon Welchman==
Gordon Welchman, before the war, was a Algebraic Geometry professor at Sidney Sussex College, England. As the war began he was asked to assist with code breaking for intelligence at Bletchley Park. While there he oversaw Hut 6 which focused on breaking the German Army and Air Force codes while also offering ideas about how to improve the efficiency of the process to help scale up the code breaking process. In order to do this more talent was needed. With his connections to colleges he recruited from the Cambridge area colleges.<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 31-35.</ref> While he and his team worked to break Enigma with the hand technique developed by the Poles, the Germans changed their protocol. Previously the starting position for the German message was enciphered twice at the beginning of the message but then was changed to only be enciphered once after 1940. This change made the previous method worthless and new ideas had to be developed.<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 43.</ref>

With Alan Turing's machine built and installed it was supposed to be the savior of the code breaking operation, but it didn't really work. It had too many false positives and took far too long to be useful. After hearing about Turing's idea behind the machine Welchman came up with another idea. It was called the diagonal board. The process of code breaking was based upon educated guesses, and if that guess was wrong the Bombe just kept searching which led to it taking a very long time to find a solution. This diagonal board solved this problem by simultaneously scanning all possible combinations by allowing an unlimited number of reentries into the chain.<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 63.</ref> If a wire became live then there were up to 25 more possible false inputs that could also be checked to rule out that configuration.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 38.</ref> This allowed the Bombe to find the solution magnitudes faster than previously.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: welchman.jpg|Gordon Welchman<ref>Gordon Welchman. (n.d.). Retrieved June 01, 2017, from [http://www.cryptomuseum.com/people/gordon_welchman.htm]</ref>
Image: DiagonalBoard.jpg|5x5 Diagonal Board<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 233.</ref>
Image: bombeDiagonalBoard.jpg|Bombe Diagonal Board
</gallery>
 

==Bombe==
[[File:bombeWheel.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Bombe Wheel]]
[[File:bombe.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Replica Bombe Machine]]
[[File:enigmaMenu.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Enigma Menu<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books.</ref>]]
In the multi-step process of breaking Enigma the Bombe was essential. All parts of the process were important but without the Bombe doing automated checking Enigma would have remained unbreakable. The purpose of the Bombe was to utilize a crib, likely plain-text message, to check the 17,576 possible configurations of the rotors, which it did in about 10.5 minutes.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 10, 12.</ref> To set up a Bombe, cryptographers created a menu which was formed from a plausible plain-text message. If the guess was correct the Bombe would stop giving the codebreakers a plausible starting position for the rotors and one of the plugboard connections.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 11.</ref> To solve the rest of the plugboard connections a checking machine was used. The checking machine works the same way as an Enigma machine without the plugboard. Using a combination of the menu, starting positions from the Bombe, and the first plugboard connection from the Bombe all the other plugboard connections could be deduced with the checking machine. If there were contradicting letters then the Bombe gave a false stop and had to be restarted.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 43-47.</ref>

To create a menu, a crib was lined up with the cipher-text and since no letter can be enciphered as itself a plausible relationship between the two could be made. If X was the sixth position of plain-text and O was the sixth position of cipher-text then it's possible that when the rotors had moved six places from the start X is enciphered as O.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 14.</ref> This was done many times and created loops of letters enciphering each other. These loops when combined created a menu used to break Enigma. The drums on the front of the Bombe rotated checking for the rotor positions. On the back of the machine were miles of wires connected between different letters to use these menus to remove false positives from the system.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 23.</ref>

With the German Navy increasing the number of rotors from three to four the existing Bombe machines were modified to try and solve it, but were unable to. A special four rotor Bombe had to be designed to break the four rotor Enigma.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 61.</ref> It was based upon the same concepts as the three rotor Bombe but included another row of rotors and was optimized for the four rotor job.
<mediaplayer>File:bombeMachine.mp4</mediaplayer>
 

==The Impact on World War II and future encryption==
There is no doubt that breaking Enigma had a significant impact on World War II. It is difficult to determine exactly how much of an impact but there were several key events that were influenced by the breaking of Enigma. During the North African campaign, German General Erwin Rommel had a victory at Gazala but due to Enigma intercepts the Allied forces were able to prevent him from capitalizing on that victory. In keeping Rommel out of Egypt in 1942 the conquest of North Africa stayed on track as a loss would have set Operation Overlord back until 1946. This kind of extension of the war would have had dire consequences for Britain due to the German assault that included weapons like the V-2.<ref>Lycett, A. (2011, February 17). History - World Wars: Breaking Germany's Enigma Code. Retrieved June 01, 2017, from [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/enigma_01.shtml]</ref>
 
Moving beyond World War II and into the age of computers, data security became an important topic. How does one make sure everyone can communicate to someone they have never communicated to before but still remain secure. The evolution of encryption that has led to our current methods was introduced with the Diffie-Hellman key exchange system. This system was proposed by Diffie and Hellman in 1976 as a practical way to encrypt messages between two people, for example, Bob and Alice. As the two people have never met before the initial exchange must be an unsecured transmission. The system relies upon primes and the difficulty in determining very large prime numbers. Bob and Alice agree upon two integers, p (a large prime number) and m (a number that lies between 1 and p-1). Bob chooses a secret number x which lies between 1 and p-1. He then computes kx=mx(mod p) and sends it to Alice. Alice chooses a secret number y which lies between 1 and p-1. She then computes ky=my(mod p) and sends it to Bob. Now (kx)y=(ky)x=mxy(mod p). This allows messages sent both directions to be encrypted without the other knowing the secret key that would have been exposed by the unsecured transmission.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 166-167.</ref> This method launched cryptography into the modern age as almost every current encryption system is based off this concept.

=Section 2: Deliverable=
==Enigma Recreation==
 
For my deliverable I recreated a German Enigma Machine that was in use by all branches of the German Military, until when the Navy used a more advanced version. The Machine is based around a visual representation of the machine to show the complexity of it and how complicated a job the codebreakers had. There is a short instruction video below that shows the different parts of the virtual machine. To experience the Enigma machine [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/Enigma/enigmaMachineNJ.html click here].
 
<div style="position: relative; padding-bottom: 20%;padding-top: 0px; height: 0; overflow: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><htmltag tagname="iframe" id="ensembleEmbeddedContent_BrDIg3BV4U--TTpsQK-wLQ" src="https://video.wpi.edu/app/plugin/embed.aspx?ID=BrDIg3BV4U--TTpsQK-wLQ&isResponsive=true&isNewPluginEmbed=true&displayTitle=false&startTime=0&autoPlay=false&hideControls=true&showCaptions=false&displaySharing=false&displayAnnotations=false&displayAttachments=false&displayLinks=false&displayEmbedCode=false&displayDownloadIcon=false&displayMetaData=false&displayDateProduced=false&audioPreviewImage=false&displayCaptionSearch=false" frameborder="0" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen></htmltag></div>
 

==The Math behind the Enigma==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Enigma Type !! Rotor States !! Wheel Orders !! Plug Board !! Total Combinations
|-
| Commercial || 263 || 3*2*1 || 1 || 105,456
|-
| Army and Air Force || 263|| 5*4*3 || 26!/10!6!210 || 158 billion billion
|-
| Naval || 264|| 8*7*6*5 || 26!/10!6!210 || 115,724 billion billion
|}
 

=Conclusion=
In this milestone, many important points relating to Enigma have been discussed. The Enigma machine, what is it and what made it so important. The key location in breaking Enigma, Bletchley Park, and how it was utilized. Important figures in the fight to break Enigma, Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman, and what they contributed. The Bombe, what it was and how it was able to do its job. The impact of breaking Enigma on the war and the future of encryption put forth by Enigma. For my deliverable a visual web version of Enigma has been designed to illustrate the complexity of Enigma and the importance of the work that was done at Bletchley Park. In addition to the Enigma machine, also included is a chart that illustrates what made Enigma so mathematically complex.

For a future inquiry an important machine to look at would be the SZ42, Lorenz machine. It was used for German High Command communications as it was mathematically more complex than the Enigma machine, yet was broken without the cryptographers ever seeing the machine or diagrams of its wiring.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

=External Links=
[https://bletchleypark.org.uk Bletchley Park Website]
 
[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]


[[Category:Featured Projects]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:50:55Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 11 Activity 3C */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
|header1 =
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
|caption =
|label2 =
|data2 =
}}
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end which required you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to current. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were set up in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layouts and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. The Cafe had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a challenge to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This, coupled with the rerouted train on the way back, made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip. There were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:49:01Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 8 Activity 2E */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end which required you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to current. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were set up in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layouts and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. The Cafe had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:47:28Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 7 Activity 2D */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end which required you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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</gallery>

==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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</gallery>

==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:47:01Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 7 Activity 2D */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shots of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:46:43Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 7 Activity 2D */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|title = Nicholas Johnson
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense to me as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:46:22Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 6 Activity 2C */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing it's possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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Image: stmartininthefield.JPG
</gallery>

==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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Image: winchester1.JPG
Image: winchester2.JPG
</gallery>
 

==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:45:59Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 4 Activity 1A */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
|header1 =
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
|caption =
|label2 =
|data2 =
}}
__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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</gallery>
 

==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main altar. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon, in addition to working on my milestone, I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in until Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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</gallery>

==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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</gallery>

==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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Image: hamptonCourt.JPG
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</gallery>

==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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Image: artillery.JPG
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</gallery>

==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
<gallery mode="packed">
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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</gallery>

==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: clockWallace.JPG
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</gallery>
==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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</gallery>

==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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</gallery>

==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
<gallery mode="packed>
Image: stmartininthefield.JPG
</gallery>

==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: winchester1.JPG
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</gallery>
 

==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:45:19Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 3 Activity 1B */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
|header1 =
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
|caption =
|label2 =
|data2 =
}}
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counterfeiting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:44:45Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 1 Activity */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church. It felt inappropriate to step on them. Near the front of the Church, the House of Bath banners, where previous members were shown, were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also, behind the altar was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:37:24Z

Nbjohnson: /* Milestone 3 */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and the system the British were able to put together is quite impressive. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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</gallery>

==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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</gallery>

==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:36:44Z

Nbjohnson: /* Milestone 2 */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers effort to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort of tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:36:22Z

Nbjohnson: /* Milestone 1 */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project was about the styles of the many churches/cathedrals around England. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating the differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T14:35:30Z

Nbjohnson: /* Overview */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London and surrounding areas. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
<gallery mode="packed>
Image: windsor1.JPG
Image: windsor2.JPG
Image: windsorGuard.JPG
Image: windsor3.JPG
Image: windsorGuard2.jpg
</gallery>

==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
<gallery mode="packed>
Image: stmartininthefield.JPG
</gallery>

==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: winchester1.JPG
Image: winchester2.JPG
</gallery>
 

==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

Cathedral Architecture

2017-06-22T14:24:48Z

Nbjohnson: /* Vaulting */

=Cathedral Architecture=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

{{Infobox
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:lichfieldCath.jpg|x450px]]
|caption = Lichfield Cathedral <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/gallery]</ref>
|label2 = '''Established'''
|data2 = 1340 <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Our History. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
}}
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This project was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes each of Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles unique, the photos that I have taken are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles found within the same building. This area of study is something different for me as I have only taken the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI which is History, none in Art or Architecture. My major takeaway from this milestone is the effort put forth by the architects and builders who so eloquently decorated these churches/cathedrals for all to see. The detail is just incredible to see and cannot be found just anywhere.

 

=Introduction=
 
This project covers what makes each architectural style chosen unique and then illustrates the differences between the styles found within the same building through photographs. The three styles chosen were European and English while at the same time having unique aspects to differentiate them. The three that I chose to examine were Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. It is important to show the different styles and what makes them distinct while also observing how each one influences the others. As new Bishops wanted to make their mark on the church/cathedral or sometimes portions were damaged in a war, multiple styles were included in a single building. This presents a unique look at the different styles within the same structure and interested me enough to research for my deliverable. This was my first immersive experience in architecture so it was a learning experience along the way.
 

=Section 1: Background=
 

==Norman==

Norman Architecture is a subcategory of the Romanesque style along with Anglo-Saxon. The Anglo-Saxon period came to an end in England when The Normans attacked in 1066 from western Europe.<ref>Fernie, E (2000). "The Architecture of Norman England". Oxford University Press, pp.11</ref> The key item that made both of these belong to Romanesque was the semi-circular arch. These semi-circular arches were used in doorways, window frames, [[Vaulting|vaults]], and [[arcade|arcades]]. Previously, the Anglo-Saxon churches were tall, narrow buildings with quite thin walls, but this changed with the Norman style. The Norman style was built in contrast to this with the churches being built with a wide base and the thick walls.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref>
 
[[File:archDesign.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Arch Design<ref>Thisiscarpentry.com. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [http://tic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Parts-of-an-Arch1_1.jpg]</ref>]]
Norman Architecture began in approximately 1060 and roughly lasted through the year 1190.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> These years are an estimate that is widely accepted as there is always overlap in changing styles. The Norman style took many cues from the Romans to include in their style. The main one being the semi-circular arch and its design. The semi-circular arch at its time was revolutionary, as it was able to suspend massive loads over an open area. This was due to its design which included several key parts, voussoirs and the key-stone. The voussoirs were the wedge shaped stones that made up the arch passing the load to the next outer stone. The key-stone is the central stone in the arch and locks all the stones of the structure into place.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref> In addition to the semi-circular arches, some of the key characteristics included in Norman architecture were large cylindrical pillars, [[vaulting]] and small windows.<ref>English Heritage. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2017, from [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval-part-1/architecture/]</ref> The windows in Norman churches were quite small, so to allow the maximum amount of light through them a distinctive technique was used. This technique is known as splaying, which is where the inside or outside of the window is wider than the middle of the window.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> Another characteristic, [[vaulting]], when used, was sometimes made of wood but, was usually made of stone. When it was made of wood the vaulting was quite flat. When stone was utilized, it was constructed in a round arch shape. <ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> As the year 1200 approached, the semi-circular arch gave way to the pointed arch which began the Gothic style and marked an end for the Romanesque style.

===Notable Norman Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 15.</ref>===
* Rochester Cathedral - The second oldest cathedral in England, having been founded in 604. The Nave, parts of the crypt and facades were built in the Norman architecture. Later additions to the cathedral because of fire damage were made in the Gothic style which included the Quire and the roof of the Nave.<ref>Rochester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.rochestercathedral.org/history]</ref>
*St. John's Chapel at The White Tower - St. John's Chapel was built inside the White Tower and because of this is very well preserved with no remodeling like many of the other cathedrals. The only major change is the loss of paint on the walls. It was built during the overlap of the Anglo-saxon period and the Norman period. As it was finished during the Norman period it exhibits more Norman architecture than Anglo-saxon.<ref>Palaces, H. R. (n.d.). The Chapel of St. John's. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from [http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/discover-the-towers/the-chapel-of-st-johns/]</ref>
*Gloucester Cathedral - The site originally was an Anglo-saxon religious house that was built in 678, but was removed for the new Norman abbey that began construction in 1089. In 1327, the east end was remodeled in the Perpendicular style. In the 1400s, the west end, south porch, and tower were remodeled also in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Gloucester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-history/]</ref>
 

==Decorated Gothic==

Decorated Gothic is a subcategory of the Gothic style along with Perpendicular and Early English. The Gothic style's key element that united them was the pointed arch. This large transformation from the semi-circular arch to the pointed arch began around 1200 but the Decorated Gothic style began in 1250 with the addition of several key modifications and lasted until 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> This style also has been divided into two subcategories known as Geometric and Curvilinear. Geometric spanned from 1250 to 1315, while Curvilinear covered 1315 to 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> The Geometric period was focused on the circle which was mainly used in the tracery, stonework elements that supported the glass, but could also be found elsewhere. The Curvilinear period reduced or stopped its use of the circle, but introduced the [[Ogee]] and used it extensively.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 29.</ref>
 
[[File:lierneVault.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Lierne Vault at Ely Cathedral<ref>Bony, J. (1979). The English Decorated Style. Phaidon Press Limited. pp. 283.</ref>]]
[[File:ballflower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ball Flower<ref>Ball-flower. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37683/37683-h/images/image0022.png]</ref>]]
As Gothic Architecture evolved, distinctive patterns began to emerge. In regards to the Decorated style, as the name suggests, it involved extensive use of decorative elements. Several of these distinctive elements that made up the Decorated Gothic style include windows with [[mullions]], elegant tracery of the very large windows including [[foil|trefoils]] and [[foil|quatrefoils]], and [[Vaulting|vault ribbing]].<ref>Bony, J (1979). "The English Decorated Style: Gothic Architecture Transformed". Cornell University Press</ref> Compared to the previous Early English period the large windows became wider in proportion to their height.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Later decorated styles expanded upon the ribbed vaulting by adding small ribs called liernes between other ribs. The architects formed geometrical shapes with these liernes that kept with the style.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 36.</ref> At the intersection of these ribs bosses, elaborately carved ornaments, began to be used here in the Decorated period.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Another important decorative element that added to the aesthetic was the ball flower.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> The ball flower was a partially opened flower carved into a sphere. All of these distinctive elements accumulated to make the Decorated Gothic style which created some amazing buildings, but as time went on the Decorated style gave way to the Perpendicular style which is explained below. 

===Notable Decorated Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 27,31.</ref>===
*Lichfield Cathedral - The original cathedral on the Lichfield site was of Anglo-saxon design in 700. In 1066, the Normans built a new cathedral in their Norman architecture. In 1340, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Gothic style.<ref>Lichfield Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
*Exeter Cathedral - In 1050, a cathedral of Anglo-saxon design was built at the Exeter site. In 1114, work began on a new cathedral of Norman design which began use in 1133. In 1270, parts of the existing Norman structure were demolished for construction to begin on the Decorated Gothic cathedral which was completed in 1342.<ref>History of Exeter Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/_assets/Education/141107%20A%20History%20of%20Exeter%20Cathedral.pdf]</ref>
*York Cathedral - Originally on the site there were several Anglo-saxon churches over time which were replaced when the Normans invaded. In 1080 construction began on the Norman church. In 1170, the Quire was replaced and a pair of towers were built. In 1220, the building expanded even further with the addition of two Transepts in the Early English style. In 1291, the Nave was replaced with one in the Decorated Gothic style. In 1394, the Quire was again replaced, this time with the Perpendicular style.<ref>York Minster short history. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://yorkminster.org/geisha/assets/files/1%20A%20short%20history%20until%201472(1).pdf]</ref>
 

==Perpendicular Gothic==
[[File:archComp.png|thumb|right|300px|Pointed Arch vs. Four-centered Arch<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref>]]
Perpendicular Gothic, also known as the Rectilinear Period, followed directly after the Decorated Gothic period. It began in 1360 and lasted until 1550.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> It was thought that the simplification introduced, compared to the Decorated Gothic style, was due to the Black Plague and its effects on the labor force in England. This idea was proven incorrect with Gloucester Abbey's south window and Old St. Paul's cloister remains. One idea as to why decorations were scaled back was that it was for cutting costs, but that is just a possible reason and the real reason may never be known.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 17.</ref> 

This style, Perpendicular, belonged to the Gothic style and utilized pointed arches extensively. Perpendicular built upon the Decorated Gothic style in some aspects, and scaled back in others. A key area of scaling back occurred with the reduced tracery of the windows, while Perpendicular kept the large windows. One of the main differences that was introduced was an emphasis on vertical lines, especially the [[mullions]] of the windows, which were thinner than previously used ones.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 27-28.</ref> Commonly crossing the mullions in Perpendicular are transoms, a horizontal crossbar in a window.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6,33.</ref> A change to the arch also came with this new style. The pointed arch gave way to a slightly flatter arch called the four-centered arch. This new arch was utilized alongside the existing pointed arch in the Perpendicular style. [[Vaulting]] was also expanded with this period and became more complex than previous styles; during this period it was known as [[Vaulting | fan vaulting]]. Overall this style was not a revolution but an evolution, building upon the previous Gothic styles.

===Notable Perpendicular Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 36-37.</ref>===
*Winchester Cathedral - The Winchester Cathedral has had many styles added to it throughout the years. The original building was of Norman architecture built in 1079, while the crypt and transepts are all that remain of this building. In the early 1200s, an Early English retrochoir was built at the east end. In the 1300s, the Norman presbytery was replaced with a Decorated Gothic design. Finally, the Nave during the 1300s and 1400s was replaced with the Perpendicular Gothic style.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
*Westminster Abbey - In 1065, a church of Norman architecture was built. Work began in 1220 to replace the church but funds were not available. When funds were gathered by 1272, work on the Quire and a small part of the Nave were completed in the Decorated Gothic style. Funds again ran out and were not gathered until the end of the 14th century. To have architectural unity the design was continued, although slightly modified, for the rest of the Nave. In 1503, construction began on the Henry VII chapel using the Perpendicular style and was completed in 1519, replacing the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
*Manchester Cathedral - The original building was an Anglo-saxon church from 700. In 1215, the church was rebuilt in the Norman style adjacent to the original site. In 1422, the Quire was rebuilt in the Perpendicular Gothic style. In 1465, the Nave was then rebuilt in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Manchester Cathedral Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
 
For my Deliverable I utilized my background information about the Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles to compare the different styles found within the same church/cathedral. As the architectural eras overlap and buildings are added onto or partially rebuilt, multiple styles are found within the same structure. Below I utilize photos taken of the buildings to illustrate those differences of styles. I traveled to the churches/cathedrals and took most of the photos myself, but some locations do not allow photos inside due to them being a working church so they are the official photos from the church/cathedral.
 

==Winchester Cathedral==
===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanArch.JPG | Norman
Image: decArch.JPG | Decorated Gothic
Image: perArch.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, in the Norman section of Winchester Cathedral, the arches consist of the semi-circular design, which is a characteristic of this style. This is in contrast to the distinctly pointed arches that are found in the Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic sections of the Cathedral. The Decorated Arches were found in the presbytery which had a remodel commissioned by Bishop Henry Woodcock in the 1300s. The Perpendicular Arches, found in the Nave, were designed by William Wynford and were completed under the guidance of several Bishops in the 14th and 15th Centuries.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: normanRoof.jpg| Norman
Image: decoratedRoof.JPG | Decorated Gothic
</gallery>
In the North Transept of the Cathedral, the Norman style vaulting was a flat wood surface as can be seen above. This was a part of the original cathedral commissioned by Bishop Walkelin in 1079. In the presbytery, built in the Decorated Gothic style, the breathtaking Lierne Vaulting can be found. The liernes connecting the larger ribs and eloquently carved bosses at the intersection of the ribs are distinct and unique to this style. Bishop Henry Woodcock commissioned this presbytery to be built in the 1300s.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanWindow.jpg | Norman
Image: perWindow.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, there is quite a stark contrast between the window design of the Norman and Perpendicular Gothic styles. The Norman window, found in the North Transept, is quite small compared to the massive Perpendicular window. At the top of the Norman window the semi-circular arch that is found throughout the style, that was used in 1079 when it was built, is visible, this is in contrast to the pointed arch, located in the Nave, that is found at the top of the Perpendicular window. Also noticeable is the mullions that run top to bottom of the very tall Perpendicular window, crossed by the transoms.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

==Westminster Abbey==

===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=270p>
Image: westminsterArch.JPG|Decorated Gothic
Image: fourCenteredArch.JPG|Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, the Decorated Gothic Nave of Westminster Abbey utilizes the pointed arch for its windows. This section of the Abbey, built in 1220, was overseen by Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley, but work had to stop because of a lack of funds. In 1272, Abbot Nicholas Litlyngton continued the structure using the original designs when more money became available. In contrast to this, the Perpendicular Henry VII chapel utilizes the four-centered arch in its design. The four-centered arch is a slightly flatter arch and a design sketch of the differences can be found in the Perpendicular background section. This latter section of the Abbey was built between 1503 and 1519, designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: westminsterWindowRound.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: gothicWindow6.JPG| Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
In the Decorated style, circles were used extensively. The large circular window seen above was located in the North transept of Westminster Abbey, part of the Decorated style section. This section was completed in 1269 after having been overseen by master masons Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley. The Perpendicular style window, located in the Henry VII chapel, uses large vertical windows with thin mullions and transoms. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519 to replace the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=260p>
Image: vaultingD.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: Henry-VII-chapel-vault.jpg|Perpendicular Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
</gallery>
During the Decorated Gothic style period, ribbed vaults were the style of Vaulting that was used. The Vaulting seen above is from the west section of the Nave that was built in 1272. In contrast to that, the Perpendicular style used Fan Vaulting. This Fan Vaulting located in the Henry VII chapel was significantly more complex in its radiating pattern as can be seen in the images above. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 
 

=Conclusion=
 
Overall, this project has provided a background of three distinct architectural styles, Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. The background described many of the distinct qualities of each style. Some of these included arch style, amount of decorative elements, and [[Vaulting]]. The Deliverable took these differences and illustrated them through photographs of a building that had multiple styles present. As this study only included styles up until the mid 1500s a future project would be studying styles moving forward into the 1600s and beyond.

 

=References=
<references />

 

[[Category:Art Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Cathedral Architecture

2017-06-22T14:18:29Z

Nbjohnson: /* Arch Design */

=Cathedral Architecture=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

{{Infobox
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:lichfieldCath.jpg|x450px]]
|caption = Lichfield Cathedral <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/gallery]</ref>
|label2 = '''Established'''
|data2 = 1340 <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Our History. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
}}
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This project was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes each of Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles unique, the photos that I have taken are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles found within the same building. This area of study is something different for me as I have only taken the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI which is History, none in Art or Architecture. My major takeaway from this milestone is the effort put forth by the architects and builders who so eloquently decorated these churches/cathedrals for all to see. The detail is just incredible to see and cannot be found just anywhere.

 

=Introduction=
 
This project covers what makes each architectural style chosen unique and then illustrates the differences between the styles found within the same building through photographs. The three styles chosen were European and English while at the same time having unique aspects to differentiate them. The three that I chose to examine were Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. It is important to show the different styles and what makes them distinct while also observing how each one influences the others. As new Bishops wanted to make their mark on the church/cathedral or sometimes portions were damaged in a war, multiple styles were included in a single building. This presents a unique look at the different styles within the same structure and interested me enough to research for my deliverable. This was my first immersive experience in architecture so it was a learning experience along the way.
 

=Section 1: Background=
 

==Norman==

Norman Architecture is a subcategory of the Romanesque style along with Anglo-Saxon. The Anglo-Saxon period came to an end in England when The Normans attacked in 1066 from western Europe.<ref>Fernie, E (2000). "The Architecture of Norman England". Oxford University Press, pp.11</ref> The key item that made both of these belong to Romanesque was the semi-circular arch. These semi-circular arches were used in doorways, window frames, [[Vaulting|vaults]], and [[arcade|arcades]]. Previously, the Anglo-Saxon churches were tall, narrow buildings with quite thin walls, but this changed with the Norman style. The Norman style was built in contrast to this with the churches being built with a wide base and the thick walls.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref>
 
[[File:archDesign.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Arch Design<ref>Thisiscarpentry.com. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [http://tic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Parts-of-an-Arch1_1.jpg]</ref>]]
Norman Architecture began in approximately 1060 and roughly lasted through the year 1190.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> These years are an estimate that is widely accepted as there is always overlap in changing styles. The Norman style took many cues from the Romans to include in their style. The main one being the semi-circular arch and its design. The semi-circular arch at its time was revolutionary, as it was able to suspend massive loads over an open area. This was due to its design which included several key parts, voussoirs and the key-stone. The voussoirs were the wedge shaped stones that made up the arch passing the load to the next outer stone. The key-stone is the central stone in the arch and locks all the stones of the structure into place.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref> In addition to the semi-circular arches, some of the key characteristics included in Norman architecture were large cylindrical pillars, [[vaulting]] and small windows.<ref>English Heritage. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2017, from [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval-part-1/architecture/]</ref> The windows in Norman churches were quite small, so to allow the maximum amount of light through them a distinctive technique was used. This technique is known as splaying, which is where the inside or outside of the window is wider than the middle of the window.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> Another characteristic, [[vaulting]], when used, was sometimes made of wood but, was usually made of stone. When it was made of wood the vaulting was quite flat. When stone was utilized, it was constructed in a round arch shape. <ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> As the year 1200 approached, the semi-circular arch gave way to the pointed arch which began the Gothic style and marked an end for the Romanesque style.

===Notable Norman Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 15.</ref>===
* Rochester Cathedral - The second oldest cathedral in England, having been founded in 604. The Nave, parts of the crypt and facades were built in the Norman architecture. Later additions to the cathedral because of fire damage were made in the Gothic style which included the Quire and the roof of the Nave.<ref>Rochester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.rochestercathedral.org/history]</ref>
*St. John's Chapel at The White Tower - St. John's Chapel was built inside the White Tower and because of this is very well preserved with no remodeling like many of the other cathedrals. The only major change is the loss of paint on the walls. It was built during the overlap of the Anglo-saxon period and the Norman period. As it was finished during the Norman period it exhibits more Norman architecture than Anglo-saxon.<ref>Palaces, H. R. (n.d.). The Chapel of St. John's. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from [http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/discover-the-towers/the-chapel-of-st-johns/]</ref>
*Gloucester Cathedral - The site originally was an Anglo-saxon religious house that was built in 678, but was removed for the new Norman abbey that began construction in 1089. In 1327, the east end was remodeled in the Perpendicular style. In the 1400s, the west end, south porch, and tower were remodeled also in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Gloucester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-history/]</ref>
 

==Decorated Gothic==

Decorated Gothic is a subcategory of the Gothic style along with Perpendicular and Early English. The Gothic style's key element that united them was the pointed arch. This large transformation from the semi-circular arch to the pointed arch began around 1200 but the Decorated Gothic style began in 1250 with the addition of several key modifications and lasted until 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> This style also has been divided into two subcategories known as Geometric and Curvilinear. Geometric spanned from 1250 to 1315, while Curvilinear covered 1315 to 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> The Geometric period was focused on the circle which was mainly used in the tracery, stonework elements that supported the glass, but could also be found elsewhere. The Curvilinear period reduced or stopped its use of the circle, but introduced the [[Ogee]] and used it extensively.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 29.</ref>
 
[[File:lierneVault.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Lierne Vault at Ely Cathedral<ref>Bony, J. (1979). The English Decorated Style. Phaidon Press Limited. pp. 283.</ref>]]
[[File:ballflower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ball Flower<ref>Ball-flower. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37683/37683-h/images/image0022.png]</ref>]]
As Gothic Architecture evolved, distinctive patterns began to emerge. In regards to the Decorated style, as the name suggests, it involved extensive use of decorative elements. Several of these distinctive elements that made up the Decorated Gothic style include windows with [[mullions]], elegant tracery of the very large windows including [[foil|trefoils]] and [[foil|quatrefoils]], and [[Vaulting|vault ribbing]].<ref>Bony, J (1979). "The English Decorated Style: Gothic Architecture Transformed". Cornell University Press</ref> Compared to the previous Early English period the large windows became wider in proportion to their height.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Later decorated styles expanded upon the ribbed vaulting by adding small ribs called liernes between other ribs. The architects formed geometrical shapes with these liernes that kept with the style.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 36.</ref> At the intersection of these ribs bosses, elaborately carved ornaments, began to be used here in the Decorated period.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Another important decorative element that added to the aesthetic was the ball flower.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> The ball flower was a partially opened flower carved into a sphere. All of these distinctive elements accumulated to make the Decorated Gothic style which created some amazing buildings, but as time went on the Decorated style gave way to the Perpendicular style which is explained below. 

===Notable Decorated Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 27,31.</ref>===
*Lichfield Cathedral - The original cathedral on the Lichfield site was of Anglo-saxon design in 700. In 1066, the Normans built a new cathedral in their Norman architecture. In 1340, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Gothic style.<ref>Lichfield Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
*Exeter Cathedral - In 1050, a cathedral of Anglo-saxon design was built at the Exeter site. In 1114, work began on a new cathedral of Norman design which began use in 1133. In 1270, parts of the existing Norman structure were demolished for construction to begin on the Decorated Gothic cathedral which was completed in 1342.<ref>History of Exeter Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/_assets/Education/141107%20A%20History%20of%20Exeter%20Cathedral.pdf]</ref>
*York Cathedral - Originally on the site there were several Anglo-saxon churches over time which were replaced when the Normans invaded. In 1080 construction began on the Norman church. In 1170, the Quire was replaced and a pair of towers were built. In 1220, the building expanded even further with the addition of two Transepts in the Early English style. In 1291, the Nave was replaced with one in the Decorated Gothic style. In 1394, the Quire was again replaced, this time with the Perpendicular style.<ref>York Minster short history. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://yorkminster.org/geisha/assets/files/1%20A%20short%20history%20until%201472(1).pdf]</ref>
 

==Perpendicular Gothic==
[[File:archComp.png|thumb|right|300px|Pointed Arch vs. Four-centered Arch<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref>]]
Perpendicular Gothic, also known as the Rectilinear Period, followed directly after the Decorated Gothic period. It began in 1360 and lasted until 1550.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> It was thought that the simplification introduced, compared to the Decorated Gothic style, was due to the Black Plague and its effects on the labor force in England. This idea was proven incorrect with Gloucester Abbey's south window and Old St. Paul's cloister remains. One idea as to why decorations were scaled back was that it was for cutting costs, but that is just a possible reason and the real reason may never be known.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 17.</ref> 

This style, Perpendicular, belonged to the Gothic style and utilized pointed arches extensively. Perpendicular built upon the Decorated Gothic style in some aspects, and scaled back in others. A key area of scaling back occurred with the reduced tracery of the windows, while Perpendicular kept the large windows. One of the main differences that was introduced was an emphasis on vertical lines, especially the [[mullions]] of the windows, which were thinner than previously used ones.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 27-28.</ref> Commonly crossing the mullions in Perpendicular are transoms, a horizontal crossbar in a window.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6,33.</ref> A change to the arch also came with this new style. The pointed arch gave way to a slightly flatter arch called the four-centered arch. This new arch was utilized alongside the existing pointed arch in the Perpendicular style. [[Vaulting]] was also expanded with this period and became more complex than previous styles; during this period it was known as [[Vaulting | fan vaulting]]. Overall this style was not a revolution but an evolution, building upon the previous Gothic styles.

===Notable Perpendicular Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 36-37.</ref>===
*Winchester Cathedral - The Winchester Cathedral has had many styles added to it throughout the years. The original building was of Norman architecture built in 1079, while the crypt and transepts are all that remain of this building. In the early 1200s, an Early English retrochoir was built at the east end. In the 1300s, the Norman presbytery was replaced with a Decorated Gothic design. Finally, the Nave during the 1300s and 1400s was replaced with the Perpendicular Gothic style.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
*Westminster Abbey - In 1065, a church of Norman architecture was built. Work began in 1220 to replace the church but funds were not available. When funds were gathered by 1272, work on the Quire and a small part of the Nave were completed in the Decorated Gothic style. Funds again ran out and were not gathered until the end of the 14th century. To have architectural unity the design was continued, although slightly modified, for the rest of the Nave. In 1503, construction began on the Henry VII chapel using the Perpendicular style and was completed in 1519, replacing the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
*Manchester Cathedral - The original building was an Anglo-saxon church from 700. In 1215, the church was rebuilt in the Norman style adjacent to the original site. In 1422, the Quire was rebuilt in the Perpendicular Gothic style. In 1465, the Nave was then rebuilt in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Manchester Cathedral Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
 
For my Deliverable I utilized my background information about the Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles to compare the different styles found within the same church/cathedral. As the architectural eras overlap and buildings are added onto or partially rebuilt, multiple styles are found within the same structure. Below I utilize photos taken of the buildings to illustrate those differences of styles. I traveled to the churches/cathedrals and took most of the photos myself, but some locations do not allow photos inside due to them being a working church so they are the official photos from the church/cathedral.
 

==Winchester Cathedral==
===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanArch.JPG | Norman
Image: decArch.JPG | Decorated Gothic
Image: perArch.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, in the Norman section of Winchester Cathedral, the arches consist of the semi-circular design, which is a characteristic of this style. This is in contrast to the distinctly pointed arches that are found in the Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic sections of the Cathedral. The Decorated Arches were found in the presbytery which had a remodel commissioned by Bishop Henry Woodcock in the 1300s. The Perpendicular Arches, found in the Nave, were designed by William Wynford and were completed under the guidance of several Bishops in the 14th and 15th Centuries.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: normanRoof.jpg| Norman
Image: decoratedRoof.JPG | Decorated Gothic
</gallery>
In the North Transept of the Cathedral, the Norman style vaulting was a flat wood surface as can be seen above. This was a part of the original cathedral commissioned by Bishop Walkelin in 1079. In the presbytery, built in the Decorated Gothic style, the breathtaking Lierne Vaulting can be found. The liernes connecting the larger ribs and eloquently carved bosses at the intersection of the ribs are distinct and unique to this style. Bishop Henry Woodcock commissioned this presbytery to be built in the 1300s.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanWindow.jpg | Norman
Image: perWindow.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, there is quite a stark contrast between the window design of the Norman and Perpendicular Gothic styles. The Norman window, found in the North Transept, is quite small compared to the massive Perpendicular window. At the top of the Norman window the semi-circular arch that is found throughout the style, that was used in 1079 when it was built, is visible, this is in contrast to the pointed arch, located in the Nave, that is found at the top of the Perpendicular window. Also noticeable is the mullions that run top to bottom of the very tall Perpendicular window, crossed by the transoms.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

==Westminster Abbey==

===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=270p>
Image: westminsterArch.JPG|Decorated Gothic
Image: fourCenteredArch.JPG|Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, the Decorated Gothic Nave of Westminster Abbey utilizes the pointed arch for its windows. This section of the Abbey, built in 1220, was overseen by Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley, but work had to stop because of a lack of funds. In 1272, Abbot Nicholas Litlyngton continued the structure using the original designs when more money became available. In contrast to this, the Perpendicular Henry VII chapel utilizes the four-centered arch in its design. The four-centered arch is a slightly flatter arch and a design sketch of the differences can be found in the Perpendicular background section. This latter section of the Abbey was built between 1503 and 1519, designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: westminsterWindowRound.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: gothicWindow6.JPG| Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
In the Decorated style, circles were used extensively. The large circular window seen above was located in the North transept of Westminster Abbey, part of the Decorated style section. This section was completed in 1269 after having been overseen by master masons Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley. The Perpendicular style window, located in the Henry VII chapel, uses large vertical windows with thin mullions and transoms. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519 to replace the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=260p>
Image: vaultingD.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: Henry-VII-chapel-vault.jpg|Perpendicular Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
</gallery>
During the Decorated Gothic style period, ribbed vaults were the style of vaulting that was used. The Vaulting seen above is from the west section of the Nave that was built in 1272. In contrast to that, the Perpendicular style used Fan vaulting. This fan vaulting located in the Henry VII chapel was significantly more complex in its radiating pattern as can be seen in the images above. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 
 

=Conclusion=
 
Overall, this project has provided a background of three distinct architectural styles, Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. The background described many of the distinct qualities of each style. Some of these included arch style, amount of decorative elements, and [[Vaulting]]. The Deliverable took these differences and illustrated them through photographs of a building that had multiple styles present. As this study only included styles up until the mid 1500s a future project would be studying styles moving forward into the 1600s and beyond.

 

=References=
<references />

 

[[Category:Art Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:30:36Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 34 Activity 7B */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:WhiteTower.JPG
Image:Knight.JPG
Image:Guards.JPG
Image:LondonBridge.JPG
</gallery>
 
 

==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image:BritishMuseum.JPG
Image:Discus.JPG
Image:Astronomy.JPG
</gallery>
 

==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
<gallery mode="packed">
StPauls1.JPG
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StPauls3.JPG
StPauls4.JPG
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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Image:naturalhistory1.JPG
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Image:naturalhistory3.JPG
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: vanda1.JPG
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</gallery>
 

==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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</gallery>

==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as all assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take a while as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:29:21Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 23 */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hindrance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:28:56Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 16 Activity 4B */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I paid for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:28:12Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 13 Activity 3A */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]]. This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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Image: stmartininthefield.JPG
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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Image: winchester1.JPG
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:27:52Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 11 Activity 3C */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
|header1 =
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
|caption =
|label2 =
|data2 =
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__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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</gallery>

==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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</gallery>

==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite far away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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</gallery>

==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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Image: artillery.JPG
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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</gallery>

==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
<gallery mode="packed">
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</gallery>
==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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</gallery>

==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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</gallery>

==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: winchester1.JPG
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</gallery>
 

==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:26:50Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 9 Activity 2A */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
|header1 =
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
|caption =
|label2 =
|data2 =
}}
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to go to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite a ways away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:26:31Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 7 Activity 2D */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The oddest exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four-year-old. The tenth floor had a wraparound balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to got to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite a ways away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:25:16Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 6 Activity 2C */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pick up collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The most odd exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four year old. The tenth floor had a wrap around balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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</gallery>

==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to got to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite a ways away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:24:20Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 4 Activity 1A */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but it's not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pickup collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The most odd exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four year old. The tenth floor had a wrap around balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to got to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite a ways away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:23:45Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 4 Activity 1A */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but its not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pickup collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The most odd exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four year old. The tenth floor had a wrap around balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to got to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite a ways away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:23:25Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 3 Activity 1B */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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|title = Nicholas Johnson
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|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
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__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels, it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but its not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pickup collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The most odd exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four year old. The tenth floor had a wrap around balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to got to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite a ways away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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Image: stmartininthefield.JPG
</gallery>

==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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Image: winchester1.JPG
Image: winchester2.JPG
</gallery>
 

==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:22:55Z

Nbjohnson: /* Day 1 Activity */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
|header1 =
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
|caption =
|label2 =
|data2 =
}}
__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately, pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but its not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pickup collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The most odd exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four year old. The tenth floor had a wrap around balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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Image: pano.JPG|Panorama from Tate Modern
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</gallery>

==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to got to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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Image: tatePainting.JPG
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</gallery>

==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite a ways away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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</gallery>

==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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Image: artillery.JPG
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
<gallery mode="packed">
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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</gallery>

==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: clockWallace.JPG
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</gallery>
==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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</gallery>

==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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</gallery>

==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
<gallery mode="packed>
Image: stmartininthefield.JPG
</gallery>

==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: winchester1.JPG
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</gallery>
 

==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:22:33Z

Nbjohnson: /* Milestone 2 */

=Nicholas Johnson=
{{Infobox
|title = Nicholas Johnson
|header1 =
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:NicholasJohnson.jpg|x350px]]
|caption =
|label2 =
|data2 =
}}
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=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heroes for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but its not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pickup collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The most odd exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four year old. The tenth floor had a wrap around balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to got to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite a ways away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

User:Nbjohnson

2017-06-22T12:21:43Z

Nbjohnson: /* Milestone 1 */

=Nicholas Johnson=
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__TOC__

=Overview=
For my Humanities and Arts requirement, my depth is in History and my breadth is in Art. In London two of my milestones were History focusing on World War II and one was Art focusing on Architecture. The two focusing on History are about British World War II codebreakers and The impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain. My milestone on architecture focuses on three distinct architecture styles found in cathedrals here in London. I have taken 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but that is the only Humanities and Arts class that I have taken prior to this trip. My main takeaways from this whole experience is the amount of rich history that is in London and what a wonderful world a global world is.
 

=Milestone 1=
 
'''Cathedral Architecture''' 
'''Objective:''' Comparing the architectural styles of Cathedrals in England including Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic
 
This project here in England was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After laying out what makes the three chosen styles unique, those photos are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles.

The styles studied each are distinct, yet have influence on the styles that follow it. This concept was an interesting one to see and was a big part of the comparison aspect of this project. Yes, the pieces are different, yet you can see that the preceding style has shaped it. This was evident in both the written descriptions and the visual comparisons.
 
[[Cathedral Architecture|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 2=
 
'''British World War II Codebreaking''' 
'''Objective:''' The British Codebreakers work to break Enigma during WWII, housed at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing’s contribution, and the impact on the war from that accomplishment.
 
This milestone is all about the Enigma machine and its impact. The Enigma machine is a device that was designed to encrypt a message for the German Military during WWII. In the end, the war was shortened by the British breaking of the Enigma machine and how that was accomplished is described in this milestone. It was an impressive effort on tens of thousands of people to accomplish this. New technology was invented and old technology was used in new ways to break Enigma all spearheaded by mathematicians who would become heros for their work in shortening the war.
 
[[British WW2 Codebreaking|Read More]]
 

=Milestone 3=
 
'''Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain''' 
'''Objective:''' The impact the RAF had on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how they were able to accomplish their goal of the defense of Britain.
 
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. The Fighter Command structure is a very large command and is quite impressive the system the British were able to put together. It coordinated forces from all branches of the military to respond to incoming aircraft that were detected by the new technology of radar. This system may have been complex but it worked exceedingly well.
 
[[Impact_of_the_RAF_on_the_Battle_of_Britain|Read More]]
 

=Activity Journal=
The activity journal represents an ongoing log of reflections gained through each and every project activity on the calendar.
 

==Day 1 Activity==
This morning as a group we visited [[Westminster Abbey]] where we received a 2 hour tour around the site. We began in The Cloisters and then moved into the church where Gothic architecture was on full display. Many burials and memorial plates were visible all around the church with it feeling weird to step on them. Near the front of the Church the House of Bath banners where previous members were shown were a really neat thing. Seeing how many were previously in each House was really interesting. Also behind the alter was the memorial for pilots of the Battle of Britain which was a great commemorative touch. Henry VII's Chapel at the front of the church had some distinct signs of Perpendicular Gothic which is needed for one of my milestones. Unfortunately pictures were not allowed inside, but I managed to get a few from the outside that still illustrated the point.

In the afternoon we visited the [[Tower of London]] in small groups. Some distinct items we saw were the White Tower, Crown Jewels, and Glass Cushion. Inside the white tower the travel through medieval times of armor and weapons was really interesting to see how armor has evolved to become more protective and more practical. The intricate detail on the swords used by the monarchy was unbelievable and very beautiful. The Crown Jewels exhibit took my breath away in the amount of jewels on each item and the amount that were made. The Glass Cushion was a very peaceful environment, quite fitting actually. St. John's Chapel at the tower is a part of my milestone but pictures were not allowed which will make things more difficult.

Lastly, we visited [[The British Library]] where we attempted to get our library cards but needed specific books to get them, so we will be going back in the next few days.
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==Day 2 Activity 1C==
Today our group went to the [[The National Gallery]]. While there we saw many paintings throughout time. The amount of paintings and quality of them are astounding. Some notable artists that we saw were Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Paintings spanned religion, landscapes, and portraits, but the majority were religious. There was not much that applied to my milestones, but the exhibits were still interesting to see and read the descriptions as there were some that were quite odd.

In the afternoon we joined up with our scavenger hunt group to work on getting pictures for the list. We ended up getting all but two of the items which we were quite happy with. Several of the items we found around Westminster Abbey while we waited for the [[Evensong]] service. The service was quite impressive, what they can do with their voice is absolutely amazing, also being inside such a beautiful building only added to the experience. Being only 45 minutes it was a short and sweet service that was thoroughly enjoyable.
 
 

==Day 3 Activity 1B==
Today our group visited the [[British Museum]] which is absolutely massive. With such a large footprint and multiple levels it took a very long time to make it through this one, but it was time well spent. The amount of history there, the amount of pieces that are there is astounding. Of all the exhibits, the currency and clock showcases were my favorite. Looking at how currency has changed throughout history, how counter fitting has changed. The clock showcase had all the different styles of timekeeping, even the ridiculous one that has a ball rolling around to keep time but didn't do it very accurately. Also being able to see the Rosetta Stone in person was really cool, another thing to check off the bucket list. There were some pieces that showed some architectural styles but nothing really directly applied to my milestones.
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==Day 4 Activity 1A==
Today our group visited the [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]. The cathedral is breathtaking, especially the paintings and mosaics. Unfortunately pictures were not allowed inside the Cathedral which was quite disappointing. The most interesting thing for me was the book that honored the US and Royal Air Forces during World War II which was located behind the main alter. The crypts below were quite creepy and it felt weird stepping on everyone's grave, but its not avoidable because of how many graves they put down there which is impressive.
 This afternoon in addition to working on my milestone I also got my library card which was a painful but successful process. Some books are now on order but won't be in till Monday which is going to hinder my progress a little but I'll make do.
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==Day 5 Activity 1D==
Today our group went to the [[Natural History Museum]]. The size of the museum is not obvious from the outside, as it seems it is a decent size building with multiple levels. After going through it seemed like it never ended, it just kept going. There were many amazing exhibits inside including many hands on ones. As a kid this would have been the best thing to ever have happened as there are many kid friendly exhibits. For me the two coolest exhibits were the earthquake house, that really moved the entire setup house, and the animatronic T-Rex that they had set up that had many degrees of motion and a roar that really shook you. There were a few exhibits that I wasn't the biggest fan of, not because they weren't good but just because I'm not into insects and fish. Other group members were loving it but that part dragged on for me.
There wasn't anything at this museum for my milestones but in the afternoon I worked on my milestones at the library doing research but unfortunately some of my books won't be ready until Monday.
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==Day 6 Activity 2C==
Today our group went to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. Once again the size of the museum is just mind boggling. There was so much to see and with all the different sections in different parts of the museum I don't know if I saw everything. The wide range of items was an interesting thing, furniture was there, ceramics, sculptures, and many other things. The most interesting thing for me that I saw was the quick pickup collection. This collection is a unique one in that it includes movement style items, such as protest items and influential game changer items, and most are very current. The item the peaked my interest was the 3-D printed gun in the collection. It makes sense considering it was a game changer in terms of security, as the only metal part is the firing pin. Since the designs for it were put online anyone could access it which is a cool thing knowing its possible but also scary in that it has some very bad uses. The museum did not have anything related to any of my milestones but I went to the library in the afternoon to get some good sources of information to continue working on my current milestone.
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==Day 7 Activity 2D==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Modern]]. The building had an interesting design in that it had two halves separated by a large open central area. There were a few exhibits that required tickets which we didn't buy but there was still plenty to see. The layout of some of the rooms didn't make much sense and could lead you to a dead end a require you to double back but that just means more exercise. There were plenty of cool pieces and there were some why is this art pieces. One of those pieces was a white canvas with white paint so it was very boring. The more interesting pieces were the optical illusions, of which there were several. The most odd exhibit for me was the room of sacks, it was one of the largest rooms but only had this one exhibit and it made no sense. Modern art has some cool things, but most of it makes no sense as some could be done by a four year old. The tenth floor had a wrap around balcony which allowed for some great shot of London, including The Shard. Also visible was a pedestrian bridge spanning the Thames. Nothing here pertained to my milestones so I will not be revisiting it in the future.
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==Day 8 Activity 2E==
Today our group wen to the [[Museum of London]]. Inside there was the history of London and England from beginning to end. The Roman exhibit was really cool with the armor they had and the models of some key buildings. Some of the other notable items were the bronze map of London, first automobile taxi, and old cell phones. By far the best thing there was the Cauldron from the 2012 Olympic games, or at least pieces of it. They had many of the individual pieces there, but only a couple were setup in the partial shape of the original cauldron. One thing that I learned was that each one was a custom piece and not two were the same which is crazy. The linearity of the museum was a nice relief from some of the other museums odd layout and allowed us to easily see everything without fear we missed something. At the end a nice cup of Hot Chocolate was great at the Cafe they had available. There they had some really awesome time lapses from around London on a screen, from traffic to restocking an airplane. There wasn't really anything that pertained to my milestones here, but some events upcoming will.
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==Day 9 Activity 2A==
Today was a day to work on Milestone 1. This is all I did today, sit back, look through photos and type away. There was no need to got to the library as all data was already gathered, just needed to tweak things and explain photos.

==Day 10 Activity 2B==
Today our group went to the [[Tate Britain]]. On the way there we passed MI5 which being a nondescript building makes it a little difficult to find but makes sense. It was interesting seeing how many cameras there were, the reinforced windows, and the very large and heavy doors there to protect it. Once inside the Museum it had many works but wasn't nearly as expansive as some of the other museums. There were a few sculptures and paintings that I would like to know what the artist was thinking when making it, but congrats to them for getting it into a museum. Surprisingly there was only one exhibit that required paying for unlike some other museums that had multiple exhibits requiring separate payment. On the way back we took a slight detour to get a good shot of MI6 which is a really cool building. The color of the glass really contrasts with the stone and being along the water I'm sure gives some great views for the employees.
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==Day 11 Activity 3C==
Today our group went to the [[Hampton Court Palace]]. This place was quite a ways away from the flat and it was kind of a pain to get to. We left a little early to make sure that we would be ok on time if there were delays. Sure enough there were several delays with trains that had ill people on them. This coupled with the rerouted train on the way back made the trip not so worth it. It was a large palace with beautiful gardens but I don't think it was worth the long trip, there were better places that we have already gone to that were much closer. Since we did go I think the gardens were the highlight as they were so large, it seemed as if they would stretch forever. What was disappointing was that they charged extra for the maze even though it looked quite easy and short so we skipped that. This excursion had nothing to do with any of my milestones so I won't be needing to revisit it.
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==Day 12 Activity 3B==
Today our group went to the [[Museum of London Docklands]]. This was a cool trip as it took us a different direction than we have been going previously and got to experience a new line for the underground. The museum was a smaller, but interesting museum. One of the more interesting things there was the recreation of some of the living areas and atmosphere that would have existed. Also the video explaining the preparations for WWII and the impending air raid and invasion. It was a pretty quiet day at the museum compared to some of the other museums we have visited even though there was a kid field trip there for a learning day. After our excursion to the Docklands we immediately went to the British Library to grab lunch and then worked in the Reading Rooms for most of the afternoon working on our Milestone 2 background in preparation for the weekly presentation meeting on Wednesday.
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==Day 13 Activity 3A==
Today our group visited the [[Imperial War Museum]].This is one of the best places we have gone so far with all of the amazing things it has inside. The first view you get of the museum is two very large guns for battleships from WWII and it only gets better from there. On the first floor it is all about WWI, the wars beginning, the equipment used during the war, gas canisters, a recreation of the trenches, and the final endings of the war. All of the artifacts on display were amazing especially the large artillery pieces. Moving up inside brings you to the second world war. On this floor they had several vehicles that were used during the war and also hanging in the main area were some as well. In the central area there were two planes, one WWII and one Harrier which is more recent. Also contained here were the V-1 and V-2 rockets which I never thought I would see in person, which truly are massive in scale. Up another level is more recent items stemming from the end of the second world war all the way to Iraq and Afghanistan. The nuclear exhibit including a recreation of Little Boy was really cool and scary at the same time. A section of the Berlin wall was also there to remind us of what occurred during those years. Some of the most recent pieces are the UN vehicle and the Light Armored vehicle used by the British in the Middle East. The end of the museum was one of sorrow as the Holocaust exhibit spanned two stories yet no matter how large it is could not possibly express what was done to those poor people. In the end it was a great museum and some shots of the WWII aircraft will help with my third milestone dealing with the RAF.
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==Day 14 Activity 3D==
Today our group went to the [[Horniman Museum]]. It was a further journey than most locations but it wasn't as bad as one of the other ones. While there it was a pretty small museum but was tightly packed full of specimens. Outside the gardens were massive, spanning many acres. Taking a walk around was very soothing as it was a beautiful day to be outside. There seemed to be a photo shoot for a wedding or something like that happening onsite which got us a few odd looks for how under dressed we were for the occasion. In the end it was a cool but short museum with some amazing gardens. Nothing here applied to my milestones, but not everything will. Here in the afternoon there is plenty of time for milestone work to get done which is a good thing as there is much to do.
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==Day 15 Activity 3E==
Today I worked on my milestone 2. I went to the library for several hours while working on my background. A lot was accomplished with much more that still needs to get done.

==Day 16 Activity 4B==
Today our group went to the [[London Science Museum]]. While the museum was expansive much of it cost extra to see. I payed for a few of the exhibits which were cool but weren't amazing like I was hoping they would be as they were really short experiences. Of the free exhibits the space exhibit and the computing exhibit were the best. The space exhibit had very few real objects but the computing one had many which was great. I had no idea that the British institutions participated in ARPANET but it does make sense with the goal of the project and wanting to push the boundaries with a transatlantic communication. With the transatlantic cable they also had a repeater used in the first operational one which was really cool but I was not expecting it to be so large. In connection to my milestones, there was an enigma machine here but it didn't really affect me as I've already seen plenty of them and have as many photos as I could ever need. Other than that there wasn't much of a connection to my milestones.
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==Day 17 Activity 4A==
Today our group went to [[The Wallace Collection]]. It wasn't a huge place being only two floors, but it had many pieces ranging from ceramics to paintings to swords. The Armory was the best part of the whole collection as there was every version of every medieval weapon you could want. There were swords, maces, crossbows, pistols, rifles, and much more. The other rooms weren't nearly as exciting as most of the paintings and ceramics were similar to one another. In the middle of the building sat a nice courtyard with a cafe that I'm sure on nice days must be beautiful. What surprised me the most was the number of people they had sitting around the building keeping an eye on the pieces, as for a place that does not charge for admission that must be very expensive. As for connections with my milestones there were none here, although now after seeing some of the medieval weaponry I should have done a milestone in relation to that which would have been awesome.
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==Day 18 Activity 4C==
No activity, just worked on my milestone. Went to the library for several hours and found some more good information to use in my background. The Enigma machine needs some more tweaks so that is still in the works.

==Day 19 Activity 4D==
No activity so more milestone work. Couple tweaks to the background but mainly worked on the deliverable Enigma machine. Still has some bugs that need to get worked out but mostly operational.

==Day 20 Activity 5B==
Just went to the library to gather information and try to flush out exactly what I want for Milestone 3. I now have a pretty good idea of what I want and have a plan. Some good background research was accomplished.

==Day 21 Activity 5A==
More library work for research on Milestone 3, nothing huge to report on. In the evening the entire group went to [[The Globe Theater]] for a production of Romeo and Juliet. Overall it was a pretty good performance, but there were a few scenes that was like, why is that here? As some things didn't feel like they belonged. The worst part was the downpour that occurred in the first half of the performance. As no umbrellas were allowed in the standing area everyone was soaked. Having a covered seat would have been so much better as everyone's legs were dead by the end of the performance. The walk to the bus station after the performance was a little rough with very stiff legs and ankles. No photos of the performance were allowed which stinks as the makeup that they had on was very weird and something to make note of.

==Day 22 Activity 5C==
Today was another workday in the library for Milestone 3. More good information was found on the RAF and its command structure. There are a few things I am having difficulty finding but being persistent usually allows me to find these things eventually.

==Day 23==
Today the entire group went to [[Stonehenge]]. To get there a bus was chartered with a tour guide, but it was a little chaotic trying to get everyone together and on the bus, in the end it worked out. The trip out to Stonehenge took a while but we got some history of London, the UK, and Stonehenge on the way there. The weather was dismal while at the site but it wasn't a hinderance of the event unlike Romeo and Juliet. The visit felt like a check off a list as the actual sight was about as unimpressive as I expected. It was still a fun stop anyway. We then stopped in Bath for lunch and some history of the city. Everyone went their separate ways to find lunch, yet it seems like half the group showed up at the pub our group went to. The good was really good and filling, some people ordered the dessert that was a to die for dessert. Afterwards, we got a small walking tour of Bath including the abbey and the bath houses. On the way back to London we stopped in a small town which was quite exciting for the Harry Potter fans as several of the scenes were shot in the town. One scene was the house scene where Harry's parents die, the second was a graveyard scene. It was quite a cute town in its own right. After this was just a ride back to London with nothing notable along the way.
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==Day 24 Activity 5D==
Today I went to the library to work on milestone 3. Some more information was added along with editing the background. The background should be complete after tomorrow's trip to the RAF museum for photos.

==Day 25==
Today the group went to [[Windsor Castle]]. It was a cool place to go and visit, definitely one place I really wanted to go while here. It wasn't nearly as big as I expected, there were only a couple of places allowed for us. Of the places we were allowed the Doll house was really awesome, but very extravagant. There really is no reason for it to exist but as with the royals everything is over the top. This was again evident in the apartments where there is a different room for every activity for each person. Due to this the apartments were quite large but as I have already seen the same thing at Hampton Court it was not too exciting. The highlight of the visit was seeing the changing of the guard when we were about to leave. It was a longer event than I was expecting but was great with the outgoing guard lining up and being inspected, then the band marching in with the new guard and do their exchanges before the old one marches away. It was something I've always wanted to see in person so now I've seen the changing of the guard in the US and the UK even though with the same title they are very different.
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==Day 26 Activity 6B==
Today was another day to work on milestone items. I worked on the deliverable for milestone 3 trying to animate things which is a very time consuming process but worthwhile.

==Day 27 Activity 6A==
Today was another working day for milestone 3. The animation work continued and some good progress was made.

==Day 28 Activity 6D==
Today I worked on milestone 3 animation again. Some tweaks have been made due to input about the UI but is almost complete.

==Day 29 Activity 6C==
Today was another milestone workday and the animation was finished an sent off to be uploaded. In the early afternoon I went to St. Martin in the fields to listen to the Cavendish Winds performance. The group is a quintet based out of London that was formed at the Royal Academy of Music in 2014. At the concert today they performed three songs: Ravel – Tombeau de Couperin arr. Jones, Ehrlich – By Air, and Danzi – Wind Quintet in G minor Op 56 No 2. By Air was a world premiere performance for the song by the group. It was a lovely performance but we did have a crying kid in the back distracting from it, unfortunately some people don't know what events not to bring kids to because really what were you expecting from a child during a 45 min performance with nothing for them to do.
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==Day 30 Activity 7C==
Today was another day to finish up milestones. I worked on milestone 1 at the library to beef up my background on the architectural styles.
==Day 31 Activity 7D==
Today was more work on milestone 1. I went to the library to work in the air conditioning and to get more research. At the end of the day Manzo said the background was good so time to move onto the deliverable.
==Day 32 Activity 7E==
Today I went to Winchester Cathedral to get some photos for the deliverable of milestone 1 as things had to change. It was a little bit of travel but it needs to be done.
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==Day 33 Activity 7A==
Today was the last day for edit on milestone items. It was a day that consisted out error checking all of my pages for typos, grammar errors, etc.
==Day 34 Activity 7B==
Today was a day to sit back as a ll assignments have been completed and am just awaiting grade results which may take awhile as there are quite a few projects for them to look over.
 

=My Complete Contributions=
===[[Special:Contributions/Nbjohnson|All of My Created Content and Edits]]===
 
 

[[Category:Profiles]]
[[Category:2017]]
[[Category:Advisor:Manzo]]
[[Category:Advisor:Clark]]

Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain

2017-06-22T12:18:57Z

Nbjohnson: /* Fighter Command Operations Room and Filter Room */

=Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

[[File:no12FighterSquadron.jpg|thumb|right|450px|No. 12 Fighter Squadron<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 175.</ref>]]
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany, that I obtained from the Royal Air Force museum, then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. This command was essential and how it operated proved vital during the Battle of Britain. The deliverable then shows this Fighter Command structure visually in an interactive animation. Previously, I have taken two History courses with one of them being on World War II so I do have some previous background. My main takeaway from my experience with this milestone is that it is very impressive how many forces the British were able to coordinate to defend the country with such short notice of incoming aircraft.
 

=Introduction=
This milestone covers the Royal Air Force, RAF, and its impact on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how it was technically able to have this impact. This topic is very important, as without the RAF holding off the Luftwaffe, Britain would have been invaded in short time. I'm sure many people have covered British Fighter Command and the Battle of Britain but building up a background and displaying it in an interactive visual animation is something I think is special to my project and makes it unique. I have studied the Battle of Britain on a large scale in 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but we did not cover the inner workings of the RAF and its defense.
 

=Section 1: Background=
==Aircraft Production Ramp up==
After the breakup of the League of Nations' Disarmament Conference in 1934, Britain began its expansion of its Air Force. This first expansion announcement was known as 'Scheme A'. Shortly after this announcement Britain's Secretary of State for air, Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, increased the expansion program.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 75.</ref> The goal for the program was to increase the RAF, Royal Air Force, by 588 aircraft to include a total of 1512 aircraft. To make the goal a reality, the Shadow Factory scheme was put into place in March 1936. This program built state owned plants that were managed by non-aerospace industrial manufacturers who built products designed by aircraft makers.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 76.</ref> One example, Lord Huffield's company, Wolseley, was given control of the Castle Bromwich factory that built Spitfires under the guidance of Vickers Supermarine. In the end, Huffield's company was very inefficient at running the factory which was then turned over to Vickers Supermarine directly to manufacture Spitfires. This was an instance of the Shadow factory scheme not working well and hurt Britain at the beginning of the Battle of Britain because of the limited number of Spitfires that were available. Other manufacturers also had issues, but some excelled at their job, it was a mixed bag of performance. The important part was to get as many aircraft ready to fly as possible to thwart the oncoming German aggression.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 77-78.</ref>
 

==British RAF==
===Blenheim===
[[File:blenheim.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Blenheim<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>]]
The Bristol Blenheim was a two seater night fighter that was converted from the original design of a light bomber. Powering the plane were two 840 hp Bristol Mercury VIII radial piston engines. It had a maximum speed of 260 mph at 12,000 ft, with a service ceiling of 24,600 ft. It had a range of 1,460 miles on its internal tanks. The empty weight of the plane was 8,100 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 12,500 lbs. it had a wingspan of 56 ft 4 in, a length of 39 ft 9 in, and a height of 12 ft 10 in. It was armed with six 0.303 in machine guns.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>
====Variants====
Blenheim Mk I 
Blenheim Mk IF 
Blenheim Mk IV 
Blenheim Mk IVF 
Blenheim Mk V 
 

===Defiant===
[[File:defiant.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Defiant<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 16.</ref>]]
The Boulton Paul Defiant was a two seater fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Tolls-Royce Merlin III twelve cylinder liquid cooled engine. It had a maximum speed of 304 mph at 17,000 ft with a service ceiling of 30,348 ft. It had a maximum range of 465 miles. Its empty weight was 6,281 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 8,424 lbs. It had a wingspan of 39 ft 4 in, a length of 35 ft 4 in, and a height of 11 ft 4 in. It was armed with four 0.303 in Browning machine guns mounted to a hydraulically operated turret behind the pilot. The turret allowed for exceptional coverage but being a heavier aircraft it was sluggish in combat and was vulnerable to conventional enemy fighters. After several massacres at the hands of the Luftwaffe the fighter transitioned into a Night Fighter but when that wasn't successful either the fighter was phased out.<ref>Boulton Paul Defiant. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/campaign/battle-of-britain-75th/aircraft/boulton-paul-defiant/]</ref><ref>J. (2015, May 26). 9 Iconic Aircraft From The Battle Of Britain. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/9-iconic-aircraft-from-the-battle-of-britain]</ref><ref>Boulton Paul Defiant Night-fighter / Interceptor Aircraft. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=142]</ref>
====Variants====
Defiant Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk I 
Defiant TT.Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk II 
Defiant TT.Mk II 
 

===Hurricane===
[[File:hurricaneMk1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hurricane]]
The Hawker Hurricane was a single seater fighter/fighter-bomber. It was powered by one 1,280 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XX V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph at 22,000 ft with a service ceiling of 36,500 ft. The range of the plane was 480 miles with internal tanks, but also had external tanks with a capacity of 90 gallons which about doubled this range. The empty aircraft weighed in at 5,500 lbs, with a maximum take-off weight of 7,300 lbs. The plane had a wingspan of 40 ft, length of 32 ft 2 1/2 in, and a height of 13 ft 1 in. It was armed with twelve 0.303-in forward-firing machine-guns, plus two 250 lb or one 500 lb bombs. The later versions of this aircraft replaced the twelve 0.303-in machine guns with four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 10.</ref>
====Variants====
Hurricane Mk I 
Hurricane Mk II 
Hurricane Mk III 
Hurricane Mk IV 
Hurricane Mk V 
 

===Spitfire===
[[File: spitfireMk1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Spitfire]]
The Supermarine Spitfire was a single seater day fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II or III V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 355 mph at 19,000 ft with a service ceiling of 34,000 ft. It had a maximum range of 495 miles on its internal tanks. Empty it weighed in at 4,796 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 5,332 lbs. It had a wingspan of 36 ft 10 in, a length of 29 ft 11 in, and a height of 11 ft 5 in. It was initially armed with 8 0.303-in Browning machine guns, but later on in the war 20 mm Hispano cannons were introduced. There were several different wing designs throughout its lifetime that were used to house different weapons. The original A wing housed eight 0.303-in machine guns, the B wing housed four 0.303-in machine guns and two 20 mm cannons, and the C wing was interchangeable and could be formatted like the previous A and B wings or a third option of four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 13.</ref> Later in the war more wing variants were developed, the D wing was a specialized wing for photo reconnaissance aircraft providing extra fuel to allow for a range of up to 2000 miles, the E wing housed two 20 mm and two 0.5 in cannons as well as the capacity to hold a 250 lb bomb on each wing.<ref>Rickard, J. (2007, March 12). Supermarine Spitfire - the gun wings. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_spitfire_wings.html]</ref><ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 46.</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: spitfire.png]]
 

==German Luftwaffe==
===Messerschmitt Bf 109===
[[File: Bf109new.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a single seater multirole fighter. It was powered by a 1,200 hp Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid cooled 12 cylinder piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 359 mph and a service ceiling of 36,499 ft. It had a maximum range of 680 miles. When empty it had a weight of 4,440 lbs and a maximum takeoff weight of 6,100 lbs. It measured 32 ft 4 in in wingspan, 28 ft 8 in in length, and 11 ft 2 in in height. For armament it had a cannon in the propeller hub, two to four 7.9 mm machine guns, and two cannons in underwing gunpods.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 109 Single-Seat Multirole Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=83]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 109.png]]

===Messerschmitt Bf 110===
[[File:Bf110G-4.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Messerschmitt Bf 110]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zestorer was a two seater Heavy Fighter/Fighter-bomber. It was powered by two Daimler Benz DB 601B-1 V-12 piston engines producing 1,474 hp. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph with a service ceiling of 26,247 ft. It had a maximum range of 1,305 miles. The empty weight of the aircraft was 11,222 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 21,804 lbs. It had a wingspan of 53 ft 4 in, a length of 42 ft 9 in, and a height of 13 ft 8 in. It was armed with two 30 mm and two 20 mm cannons in its nose and two 7.92 mm machine guns in the rear cockpit. The fighter bomber versions could also carry up to 4,410 lbs of conventional drop bombs. The aircraft excelled at its main design point of being a combat destroyer, but maneuverability was its weakest quality.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstorer (Destroyer) Heavy Fighter / Fighter-Bomber / Night Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=96]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 110.png]]

==British Fighter Command==
[[File:fighterCommandMap.JPG|thumb|left|500px|British Fighter Command Grid<ref>Great Britain. Royal Air Force. Fighter Command. (1941). Gnomonic Chart with Fighter Command Grid super imposed.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command's Commander-in-Chief during the lead up to and during the Battle of Britain was Sir Hugh Dowding.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 83.</ref> The role of Fighter Command was to repel any attack on Britain from the Luftwaffe, German Air Force. To best complete this mission Dowding had a plan to divide his resources across England. The No. 11 group which covered the southeast of the country was supplied with 12 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, and 4 Blenheim squadrons. The No. 12 group which covered the East Anglia area was supplied with 5 Hurricane, 5 Spitfire, 2 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 13 group in the north was supplied with 3 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, 1 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 10 covering the west included 2 Hurricane, and 2 Spitfire squadrons. Many people felt that Dowding should have concentrated all of his best fighters in the No. 11 group as that was the most likely to encounter fighter opposition. Dowding knew that the Battle of Britain would be a war of attrition and to keep a mix of fighters in less dangerous areas as a reserve would be important to the upcoming battle.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 90.</ref> The Fighter Command had plenty of aircraft to go around with production ramping up, but pilots were much more difficult to replace. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain many squadrons were over-manned but as it dragged on training new pilots became a problem. As training took 6 months there were not enough pilots to have Fighter Command at full strength so the training courses were reduced to 4 weeks with the squadrons left to finish the pilot's training, sometimes with disastrous consequences.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 91.</ref> Dowding was not the most liked of the leaders in the military and was eventually forced out of his position as the head of Fighter Command on November 17, 1940.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 99.</ref> At the time, no one recognized the importance of his work and how he saved Britain. Most importantly he set up a system of [[Impact of the RAF on WW2#Fighter Command and Control System | direction and control]] for his fighters to get the most out of their limited resources. Second, Dowding pushed to limit the support of the French in terms of aircraft that were essential to defending Britain in an air attack; he didn't stop the outflow of aircraft but helped reduce the number of aircraft supplied to France. Third, his careful placement and use of fighter resources prevented being draw into a major battle and having his forces destroyed. His plan to keep fighters in reserve to reinforce the main No. 11 group was essential to this even though it gained much criticism.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 93-97.</ref>
 

==Fighter Command and Control System==

===Radar Stations===
[[File:radarStation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Radar Station<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 97.</ref>]]
At the time Radar was known as Radio Direction Finding and the system that was in use by the British was simple but effective. The initial deployment was High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF DF) to find the position of a friendly aircraft when it was out of sight of the controller. As the technology became refined, Fighter Command began experimenting with radar controlled intercepts of unknown targets in 1936.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 100.</ref> In 1937, the system in use was known as Pip Squeak. This system transmitted a coded DF signal for 14 seconds every minute to allow the controllers to know the identity of each aircraft. To identify the other aircraft not using the Pip Squeak system they turned to physicist Robert Watson-Watt. This new technology was designated RDF which was rapidly developed. In only a few months the system was up and running detecting aircraft out to 58 miles. A string of these radar stations were built on the southern coast in 1936 and became fully operational in 1938.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 103-104.</ref> This first chain of 21 stations was called Chain Home and utilized fixed antenna arrays. There was also another set of radar stations called the Chain Home Low stations, of which there were 30, that utilized a rotating antenna for a narrow search beam. These were not as effective as they had less range and could not provide altitude information.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> In addition to these radar advances, an improvement in plane identification was also being developed. The new system was called IFF, Identification Friend or Foe. The IFF was a small transmitter that produced a distinctive radar blip to allow radar operators to differentiate between friend and foe.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> When both friendly and enemy planes were spotted on radar that information was then sent to the Filter Room to be assessed.
 

===Observer Corps===
[[File:observerCorps.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Observer Corps<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 112.</ref>]]
The Observer Corps was a volunteer service meant to fill in the gaps of radar. Radar was successful at looking out to sea but was blind to its back on land. The job of the Observer Corps was to track and report the movement of aircraft over land. Volunteers for the Observer Corps used binoculars, telescopes, and makeshift devices to determine the altitude and bearing of enemy aircraft. This technique was trialed in 1925 to outstanding success, after which the program rolled out rapidly to over 100 posts in that year. For the large roll out, a map was divided into 1.2 mile squares which then reported via telephone lines to their respective Observer Corps Group Headquarters. The full scale system across Britain was tested during the 1939 Air Exercises after which the posts were manned unbroken for 6 years until the end of the war.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 109-111.</ref>
 

===Fighter Command Operations Room and Filter Room===
[[File:bentleyPriory.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bentley Priory Fighter Command and Operations Room<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 98.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command and Operations Room was manned by the Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Commander-in-Chiefs of the Observer Corps and the Anti-Aircraft Command, the liaison officers of Bomber and Coastal Commands, the liaison officer of the Admiralty, and the liaison officer for the Ministry of Home Security. The room housed the plotting table that displayed aircraft over all of the UK and the sea approaches. The Filter Room was located underneath the Fighter Command Operations Room. Its job was to receive all of the plots from the Radar Stations, compile them and cross reference the plots with the IFF plots. These cross referenced plots were then passed upstairs to the Fighter Command Operations Room.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105.</ref>
 

===Group and Sector Operations Rooms===
The Group Operations Room received radar plots from the Filter Rooms and visual plots from the Observer Corps. The information was analyzed and then used to direct sectors to deal with incoming raids. In the event the Group Operations Room was knocked out in a raid, each Sector Operations Room could be used as the command center. Each Sector Operations Room had its own plotting tables with radar and Observer Corps plots provided from the Filter Room. When a Sector Operations Room was given notice of an enemy raid a controller would order an aircraft launch and then vector them for an intercept which was confirmed when the formation leader called 'Tally Ho!' which means enemy in sight.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105-106.</ref> To vector the aircraft, the controller needed to know the location of the friendlies which was reported by the Direction-finding Triangulation who received information from the Direction Finding, D/F, stations. The Sector Operations Room also controlled the anti-aircraft guns and Balloon Barrages. As with the aircraft launches, the Sector Controller would alert the guns and balloons to incoming enemy raids to allow them time to position.<ref>RAF. (n.d.). RAF - The RAF Fighter Control System. Retrieved June 07, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/fightercontrolsystem.cfm]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
As the background has covered the RAF and its command structure during the Battle of Britain in writing, the below deliverable illustrates this system through an animation to really show how it worked. The command structure was much more vast than the animation covers but it does take the essential parts and simplify it to more easily illustrate the command system.
 For the animation [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/RAF/raf.html Click here].
 

=Conclusion=
This milestone background covered the process of the preparation of the RAF prior to World War II, how the RAF was able to withstand the Luftwaffe onslaught during the Battle of Britain, and the details of the technical workings of the RAF aircraft and command structure and the German aircraft. A key part of the entire British system was the many levels of command that divided the massive area of the country yet were able to keep information flowing quickly and effectively to respond to threats. The deliverable then went on to show this command structure in a visual animation to help illustrate how it operated. 
A potential future inquiry could be how the German command structure differed from the British and how that led to their failure in defeating the British.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Impact of the RAF on the Battle of Britain

2017-06-22T12:18:28Z

Nbjohnson: /* Radar Stations */

=Impact of the Royal Air Force on the Battle of Britain=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

[[File:no12FighterSquadron.jpg|thumb|right|450px|No. 12 Fighter Squadron<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 175.</ref>]]
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This milestone is about the Royal Air Force, its major effect on the Battle of Britain, and how they were able to accomplish this task. It looks at the technical details of the aircraft from both Britain and Germany, that I obtained from the Royal Air Force museum, then moves into the British Fighter Command structure. This command was essential and how it operated proved vital during the Battle of Britain. The deliverable then shows this Fighter Command structure visually in an interactive animation. Previously, I have taken two History courses with one of them being on World War II so I do have some previous background. My main takeaway from my experience with this milestone is that it is very impressive how many forces the British were able to coordinate to defend the country with such short notice of incoming aircraft.
 

=Introduction=
This milestone covers the Royal Air Force, RAF, and its impact on the Battle of Britain during World War II and how it was technically able to have this impact. This topic is very important, as without the RAF holding off the Luftwaffe, Britain would have been invaded in short time. I'm sure many people have covered British Fighter Command and the Battle of Britain but building up a background and displaying it in an interactive visual animation is something I think is special to my project and makes it unique. I have studied the Battle of Britain on a large scale in 20th Century American Foreign Relations at WPI, but we did not cover the inner workings of the RAF and its defense.
 

=Section 1: Background=
==Aircraft Production Ramp up==
After the breakup of the League of Nations' Disarmament Conference in 1934, Britain began its expansion of its Air Force. This first expansion announcement was known as 'Scheme A'. Shortly after this announcement Britain's Secretary of State for air, Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, increased the expansion program.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 75.</ref> The goal for the program was to increase the RAF, Royal Air Force, by 588 aircraft to include a total of 1512 aircraft. To make the goal a reality, the Shadow Factory scheme was put into place in March 1936. This program built state owned plants that were managed by non-aerospace industrial manufacturers who built products designed by aircraft makers.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 76.</ref> One example, Lord Huffield's company, Wolseley, was given control of the Castle Bromwich factory that built Spitfires under the guidance of Vickers Supermarine. In the end, Huffield's company was very inefficient at running the factory which was then turned over to Vickers Supermarine directly to manufacture Spitfires. This was an instance of the Shadow factory scheme not working well and hurt Britain at the beginning of the Battle of Britain because of the limited number of Spitfires that were available. Other manufacturers also had issues, but some excelled at their job, it was a mixed bag of performance. The important part was to get as many aircraft ready to fly as possible to thwart the oncoming German aggression.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 77-78.</ref>
 

==British RAF==
===Blenheim===
[[File:blenheim.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Blenheim<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>]]
The Bristol Blenheim was a two seater night fighter that was converted from the original design of a light bomber. Powering the plane were two 840 hp Bristol Mercury VIII radial piston engines. It had a maximum speed of 260 mph at 12,000 ft, with a service ceiling of 24,600 ft. It had a range of 1,460 miles on its internal tanks. The empty weight of the plane was 8,100 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 12,500 lbs. it had a wingspan of 56 ft 4 in, a length of 39 ft 9 in, and a height of 12 ft 10 in. It was armed with six 0.303 in machine guns.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 18.</ref>
====Variants====
Blenheim Mk I 
Blenheim Mk IF 
Blenheim Mk IV 
Blenheim Mk IVF 
Blenheim Mk V 
 

===Defiant===
[[File:defiant.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Defiant<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 16.</ref>]]
The Boulton Paul Defiant was a two seater fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Tolls-Royce Merlin III twelve cylinder liquid cooled engine. It had a maximum speed of 304 mph at 17,000 ft with a service ceiling of 30,348 ft. It had a maximum range of 465 miles. Its empty weight was 6,281 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 8,424 lbs. It had a wingspan of 39 ft 4 in, a length of 35 ft 4 in, and a height of 11 ft 4 in. It was armed with four 0.303 in Browning machine guns mounted to a hydraulically operated turret behind the pilot. The turret allowed for exceptional coverage but being a heavier aircraft it was sluggish in combat and was vulnerable to conventional enemy fighters. After several massacres at the hands of the Luftwaffe the fighter transitioned into a Night Fighter but when that wasn't successful either the fighter was phased out.<ref>Boulton Paul Defiant. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/campaign/battle-of-britain-75th/aircraft/boulton-paul-defiant/]</ref><ref>J. (2015, May 26). 9 Iconic Aircraft From The Battle Of Britain. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/9-iconic-aircraft-from-the-battle-of-britain]</ref><ref>Boulton Paul Defiant Night-fighter / Interceptor Aircraft. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=142]</ref>
====Variants====
Defiant Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk I 
Defiant TT.Mk I 
Defiant NF.Mk II 
Defiant TT.Mk II 
 

===Hurricane===
[[File:hurricaneMk1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hurricane]]
The Hawker Hurricane was a single seater fighter/fighter-bomber. It was powered by one 1,280 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin XX V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph at 22,000 ft with a service ceiling of 36,500 ft. The range of the plane was 480 miles with internal tanks, but also had external tanks with a capacity of 90 gallons which about doubled this range. The empty aircraft weighed in at 5,500 lbs, with a maximum take-off weight of 7,300 lbs. The plane had a wingspan of 40 ft, length of 32 ft 2 1/2 in, and a height of 13 ft 1 in. It was armed with twelve 0.303-in forward-firing machine-guns, plus two 250 lb or one 500 lb bombs. The later versions of this aircraft replaced the twelve 0.303-in machine guns with four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 10.</ref>
====Variants====
Hurricane Mk I 
Hurricane Mk II 
Hurricane Mk III 
Hurricane Mk IV 
Hurricane Mk V 
 

===Spitfire===
[[File: spitfireMk1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Spitfire]]
The Supermarine Spitfire was a single seater day fighter. It was powered by a 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin II or III V-12 piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 355 mph at 19,000 ft with a service ceiling of 34,000 ft. It had a maximum range of 495 miles on its internal tanks. Empty it weighed in at 4,796 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 5,332 lbs. It had a wingspan of 36 ft 10 in, a length of 29 ft 11 in, and a height of 11 ft 5 in. It was initially armed with 8 0.303-in Browning machine guns, but later on in the war 20 mm Hispano cannons were introduced. There were several different wing designs throughout its lifetime that were used to house different weapons. The original A wing housed eight 0.303-in machine guns, the B wing housed four 0.303-in machine guns and two 20 mm cannons, and the C wing was interchangeable and could be formatted like the previous A and B wings or a third option of four 20 mm cannons.<ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 13.</ref> Later in the war more wing variants were developed, the D wing was a specialized wing for photo reconnaissance aircraft providing extra fuel to allow for a range of up to 2000 miles, the E wing housed two 20 mm and two 0.5 in cannons as well as the capacity to hold a 250 lb bomb on each wing.<ref>Rickard, J. (2007, March 12). Supermarine Spitfire - the gun wings. Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_spitfire_wings.html]</ref><ref>Gunston, B. (1982). British Fighters of World War II. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. pp 46.</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: spitfire.png]]
 

==German Luftwaffe==
===Messerschmitt Bf 109===
[[File: Bf109new.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a single seater multirole fighter. It was powered by a 1,200 hp Daimler-Benz DB 605A liquid cooled 12 cylinder piston engine. It had a maximum speed of 359 mph and a service ceiling of 36,499 ft. It had a maximum range of 680 miles. When empty it had a weight of 4,440 lbs and a maximum takeoff weight of 6,100 lbs. It measured 32 ft 4 in in wingspan, 28 ft 8 in in length, and 11 ft 2 in in height. For armament it had a cannon in the propeller hub, two to four 7.9 mm machine guns, and two cannons in underwing gunpods.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 109 Single-Seat Multirole Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=83]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 109.png]]

===Messerschmitt Bf 110===
[[File:Bf110G-4.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Messerschmitt Bf 110]]
The Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zestorer was a two seater Heavy Fighter/Fighter-bomber. It was powered by two Daimler Benz DB 601B-1 V-12 piston engines producing 1,474 hp. It had a maximum speed of 342 mph with a service ceiling of 26,247 ft. It had a maximum range of 1,305 miles. The empty weight of the aircraft was 11,222 lbs with a maximum takeoff weight of 21,804 lbs. It had a wingspan of 53 ft 4 in, a length of 42 ft 9 in, and a height of 13 ft 8 in. It was armed with two 30 mm and two 20 mm cannons in its nose and two 7.92 mm machine guns in the rear cockpit. The fighter bomber versions could also carry up to 4,410 lbs of conventional drop bombs. The aircraft excelled at its main design point of being a combat destroyer, but maneuverability was its weakest quality.<ref>Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstorer (Destroyer) Heavy Fighter / Fighter-Bomber / Night Fighter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 09, 2017, from [http://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.asp?aircraft_id=96]</ref>
====Variants====
[[File: 110.png]]

==British Fighter Command==
[[File:fighterCommandMap.JPG|thumb|left|500px|British Fighter Command Grid<ref>Great Britain. Royal Air Force. Fighter Command. (1941). Gnomonic Chart with Fighter Command Grid super imposed.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command's Commander-in-Chief during the lead up to and during the Battle of Britain was Sir Hugh Dowding.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 83.</ref> The role of Fighter Command was to repel any attack on Britain from the Luftwaffe, German Air Force. To best complete this mission Dowding had a plan to divide his resources across England. The No. 11 group which covered the southeast of the country was supplied with 12 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, and 4 Blenheim squadrons. The No. 12 group which covered the East Anglia area was supplied with 5 Hurricane, 5 Spitfire, 2 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 13 group in the north was supplied with 3 Hurricane, 6 Spitfire, 1 Blenheim, and 1 Defiant squadrons. The No. 10 covering the west included 2 Hurricane, and 2 Spitfire squadrons. Many people felt that Dowding should have concentrated all of his best fighters in the No. 11 group as that was the most likely to encounter fighter opposition. Dowding knew that the Battle of Britain would be a war of attrition and to keep a mix of fighters in less dangerous areas as a reserve would be important to the upcoming battle.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 90.</ref> The Fighter Command had plenty of aircraft to go around with production ramping up, but pilots were much more difficult to replace. At the beginning of the Battle of Britain many squadrons were over-manned but as it dragged on training new pilots became a problem. As training took 6 months there were not enough pilots to have Fighter Command at full strength so the training courses were reduced to 4 weeks with the squadrons left to finish the pilot's training, sometimes with disastrous consequences.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 91.</ref> Dowding was not the most liked of the leaders in the military and was eventually forced out of his position as the head of Fighter Command on November 17, 1940.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 99.</ref> At the time, no one recognized the importance of his work and how he saved Britain. Most importantly he set up a system of [[Impact of the RAF on WW2#Fighter Command and Control System | direction and control]] for his fighters to get the most out of their limited resources. Second, Dowding pushed to limit the support of the French in terms of aircraft that were essential to defending Britain in an air attack; he didn't stop the outflow of aircraft but helped reduce the number of aircraft supplied to France. Third, his careful placement and use of fighter resources prevented being draw into a major battle and having his forces destroyed. His plan to keep fighters in reserve to reinforce the main No. 11 group was essential to this even though it gained much criticism.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 93-97.</ref>
 

==Fighter Command and Control System==

===Radar Stations===
[[File:radarStation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Radar Station<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 97.</ref>]]
At the time Radar was known as Radio Direction Finding and the system that was in use by the British was simple but effective. The initial deployment was High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF DF) to find the position of a friendly aircraft when it was out of sight of the controller. As the technology became refined, Fighter Command began experimenting with radar controlled intercepts of unknown targets in 1936.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 100.</ref> In 1937, the system in use was known as Pip Squeak. This system transmitted a coded DF signal for 14 seconds every minute to allow the controllers to know the identity of each aircraft. To identify the other aircraft not using the Pip Squeak system they turned to physicist Robert Watson-Watt. This new technology was designated RDF which was rapidly developed. In only a few months the system was up and running detecting aircraft out to 58 miles. A string of these radar stations were built on the southern coast in 1936 and became fully operational in 1938.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 103-104.</ref> This first chain of 21 stations was called Chain Home and utilized fixed antenna arrays. There was also another set of radar stations called the Chain Home Low stations, of which there were 30, that utilized a rotating antenna for a narrow search beam. These were not as effective as they had less range and could not provide altitude information.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> In addition to these radar advances, an improvement in plane identification was also being developed. The new system was called IFF, Identification Friend or Foe. The IFF was a small transmitter that produced a distinctive radar blip to allow radar operators to differentiate between friend and foe.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 104.</ref> When both friendly and enemy planes were spotted on radar that information was then sent to the Filter Room to be assessed.
 

===Observer Corps===
[[File:observerCorps.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Observer Corps<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 112.</ref>]]
The Observer Corps was a volunteer service meant to fill in the gaps of radar. Radar was successful at looking out to sea but was blind to its back on land. The job of the Observer Corps was to track and report the movement of aircraft over land. Volunteers for the Observer Corps used binoculars, telescopes, and makeshift devices to determine the altitude and bearing of enemy aircraft. This technique was trialed in 1925 to outstanding success, after which the program rolled out rapidly to over 100 posts in that year. For the large roll out, a map was divided into 1.2 mile squares which then reported via telephone lines to their respective Observer Corps Group Headquarters. The full scale system across Britain was tested during the 1939 Air Exercises after which the posts were manned unbroken for 6 years until the end of the war.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 109-111.</ref>
 

===Fighter Command Operations Room and Filter Room===
[[File:bentleyPriory.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bentley Priory Fighter Command and Operations Room<ref> Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 98.</ref>]]
The Fighter Command and Operations Room was manned by the Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command, Commander-in-Chiefs of the Observer Corps and the Anti Aircraft Command, the liaison officers of Bomber and Coastal Commands, the liaison officer of the Admiralty, and the liaison officer for the Ministry of Home Security. The room housed the plotting table that displayed aircraft over all of the UK and the sea approaches. The Filter Room was located underneath the Fighter Command Operations Room. Its job was to receive all of the plots from the Radar Stations, compile them and cross reference the plots with the IFF plots. These cross referenced plots were then passed upstairs to the Fighter Command Operations Room.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105.</ref>
 

===Group and Sector Operations Rooms===
The Group Operations Room received radar plots from the Filter Rooms and visual plots from the Observer Corps. The information was analyzed and then used to direct sectors to deal with incoming raids. In the event the Group Operations Room was knocked out in a raid, each Sector Operations Room could be used as the command center. Each Sector Operations Room had its own plotting tables with radar and Observer Corps plots provided from the Filter Room. When a Sector Operations Room was given notice of an enemy raid a controller would order an aircraft launch and then vector them for an intercept which was confirmed when the formation leader called 'Tally Ho!' which means enemy in sight.<ref>Lake, J. (2000). The Battle of Britain. Silverdale Books. pp 105-106.</ref> To vector the aircraft, the controller needed to know the location of the friendlies which was reported by the Direction-finding Triangulation who received information from the Direction Finding, D/F, stations. The Sector Operations Room also controlled the anti-aircraft guns and Balloon Barrages. As with the aircraft launches, the Sector Controller would alert the guns and balloons to incoming enemy raids to allow them time to position.<ref>RAF. (n.d.). RAF - The RAF Fighter Control System. Retrieved June 07, 2017, from [https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/fightercontrolsystem.cfm]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
As the background has covered the RAF and its command structure during the Battle of Britain in writing, the below deliverable illustrates this system through an animation to really show how it worked. The command structure was much more vast than the animation covers but it does take the essential parts and simplify it to more easily illustrate the command system.
 For the animation [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/RAF/raf.html Click here].
 

=Conclusion=
This milestone background covered the process of the preparation of the RAF prior to World War II, how the RAF was able to withstand the Luftwaffe onslaught during the Battle of Britain, and the details of the technical workings of the RAF aircraft and command structure and the German aircraft. A key part of the entire British system was the many levels of command that divided the massive area of the country yet were able to keep information flowing quickly and effectively to respond to threats. The deliverable then went on to show this command structure in a visual animation to help illustrate how it operated. 
A potential future inquiry could be how the German command structure differed from the British and how that led to their failure in defeating the British.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

British WW2 Codebreaking

2017-06-22T12:14:26Z

Nbjohnson: /* Enigma */

=British World War II Codebreaking=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

{{Infobox
|title = British WW2 Codebreaking
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:enigma.JPG|x450px]]
|caption = 3 Rotor Enigma Machine
|label2 = '''Location'''
|data2 = Bletchly Park
}}
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This project was all about the impact of Enigma on World War II from its introduction to it being broken by British cryptographers. I have taken a history class covering World War II but not specifically on Enigma. I have always been very interested in the design of the machine so studying here in England is the best place for me to research and understand it. The opportunity to go to Bletchley Park, the location where all of the codebreaking was preformed, and research this topic was amazing. The amount of information available and just the atmosphere there was astounding. I have learned so much about the British codebreaking efforts while in London which I have always wanted to do.
 

=Introduction=
This project milestone looks at the impact of the British codebreaking effort, specifically in terms of the Enigma machine. It covers what the Enigma machine is, who the key individuals were in breaking it and how it was broken. It also looks at the impact on the rest of the war and the future of cryptography after Enigma was used and then subsequently broken. Anyone with an interest in World War II, cryptography, or militaries would be very keen to learn about the Enigma machine because of its impact in History. I have not had a class cover Enigma in depth before so I choose it because of my fascination with the technology.
 

=Section 1: Background=
 
==Enigma==
[[File:enigmaRotor.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Enigma Rotor]]
In order for the German Military to communicate with troops on the battlefield and submarines away from base, radio signals were utilized. This had advantages, but it did also have its drawbacks. Since it was radio signals the enemy could intercept them. To protect the messages, they needed to be enciphered. In the 1920s, a German Engineer named Arthur Scherbius designed many different cipher machines. He settled on a design and called it Enigma.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 111.</ref> This original design for Enigma was based upon a 26 letter keyboard for inputting the plaintext message, 26 lamps to show the cipher letters, a power supply, three removable wired wheels that rotate around a common axis, a fixed reflector, and a fixed entry wheel. This setup introduced two important features; no letter can encipher itself, and there is symmetry of plain-cipher pairs, ex. if J enciphers M, then M enciphers J.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 112-115.</ref> This scrambling of letters would have been the equivalent of a complex substitution cipher if the wheels didn't move, but they did. Whenever a key was pressed a mechanical mechanism advanced the wheel one position, so after 26 key presses the first wheel would return to its starting position. At this point the second wheel would then turn, and once that wheel made a full rotation then the third wheel would turn. This rotating mechanism made the enciphering process very complex as all three wheels would not have returned to their original positions until 16,900 letters would have been enciphered.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 119.</ref> This rotating motion made deciphering difficult, but several other parts of the machine made things even more sophisticated. One of these was the option to take off the three wheels and reorder them in six different ways, this produced 101,400 different substitution alphabets. To add even more of a challenge for anyone trying to decrypt the messages, the rotors could be started in any one of the 26 positions which created 105,456 possible starting positions and substitution alphabets, and that's with having an Enigma machine which allowed one to know the wiring.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 119-120.</ref>

[[File: enigmaDiagram.JPG|500px|Basic Enigma Diagram]]<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 114.</ref>

The German Military did not think this original design provided sufficient protection, so they made some changes to the design for their use. One major modification that they introduced was the plugboard. The plugboard used up to thirteen short cables, the German's used ten, to switch letters at input and output of the machine. If, for example, B was connected to R, then whenever a B was pressed it would go into the rotors as an R, and vice versa. Also, if an R came out of the rotors, the B light would turn on, and vice versa.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 121.</ref> This increased the number of combinations even more, multiplying the already large amount of combinations by 150 million million.<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 213.</ref> Another modification made by the military was the addition of more rotors. They increased the number of rotors available from three to five, of which any three could be chosen, and put in any order giving 60 possible combinations for the rotor order.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 6.</ref> Later in the war, the Navy wanted more security for their Enigma setup than was used in the Army and Air Force Enigma model, so a four rotor Enigma machine was developed and distributed. With the addition of an extra rotor slot the number of rotors available to choose from was increased to eight for the Navy. In addition to the additional rotors the Naval message indicators were disguised using a bigram table.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 59.</ref> In order to determine the indicator these bigram tables needed to be known.

These changes made by the German Military made the number of possibilities unimaginable and theoretically unbreakable, but in use the Germans made several key mistakes. The first large mistake was the double encipherment of the message setting that occurred until May 1940. This double encipherment allowed the bypassing of the plugboard which had ensured the security of Enigma as analyzing 100 messages produced enough indicators to break the encipherment. Another mistake made by Germans was giving the full titles of the addressee and originator because, for use in the [[British WW2 Codebreaking#Bombe|Bombe machines]], lengthy cribs, likely plain-text messages, were needed. A third mistake was that operators sent the same message twice using different ciphers that were similar. The laziness of operators was key and was so common they got their own nickname. One of these was called Sillies, referring to an operator who used his girlfriend's name 'Cilli', which means easy to guess encoding of the message. Another of these techniques the British used was called the Herivel Tip which relied upon the operator not randomizing the key to encrypt the message from the ground setting for the day which led to patterns and allowed the 17,576 possible configurations to be reduced to close to 30. There were many techniques used to break Enigma because of the German's improper use of the machine. Many techniques came from different analysts who each saw unique patterns. In the end this paid off and allowed for many German messages to be decrypted throughout the war with the intelligence gained from them being given the code name 'Ultra'.<ref>Welchman, G. (1982). The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes. Penguin Books. pp 164-167.</ref>

===To Operate an Enigma Machine<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 123.</ref>===
1) The Operator would consult the table provided for the day's ground settings and turn the rotor's ring to those positions 
2) The Operator would choose three random letters as the start position to encipher the message with 
3) The Operator would then encode the start position twice (once after 1940) 
4) The Operator would turn the rotors to the start position and encode the message 
5) The radio operator then would transmit the encoded message using Morse code 

===To break Enigma<ref> Welchman, G. (1982). The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes. Penguin Books. pp 149-161</ref>===
1) Intercept Morse code signals using Y stations 
2) Determine a crib 
3) Set up a Menu 
4) Run the crib on the Bombe with settings from the Menu 
5) Use the possible starting positions from the Bombe on the Checking machine to determine rest of the settings 
6) Use Enigma or modified Typex machine with settings to decrypt messages 
7) Translated to English 
8) Analyzed for intelligence worth and possibly passed up chain of command

 

==Bletchley Park==
As the war approached, Britain prepared for another world war. One part of this preparation was secret intelligence groups known as MI6 and GC&CS, Government Code and Cypher School. During the war, the central location for this type of intelligence needed to be protected while still being in the proximity of London; Bletchley Park was an option and was the one chosen to host it.<ref>Storm Clouds Gather. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from [https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/our-story/why-it-matters/storm-clouds-gather]</ref> In the beginning it was not a very large operation as it consisted of the Mansion and its outbuildings with about 150 staff.<ref>Cottage Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from [https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/our-story/why-it-matters/cottage-industry]</ref> As the operation was expanded and began breaking German Enigma codes resources were still lacking. After appealing to Winston Churchill a major building program began including Blocks for the workers and outhouses to house the Bombe machines.<ref>Intelligence Factory. (n.d.). Retrieved May 26, 2017, from [https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/our-story/why-it-matters/intelligence-factory]</ref> In the end dozens of buildings were built, each with their own purpose but only known by their Hut number in the name of secrecy. Below is a list of key buildings and their purposes. There are more than what are listed but these are the most important. Also below are before and after pictures of Bletchley Park which shows the massive expansion that occurred.

[[File:bletchleyBefore.JPG|415px|Bletchley Before]][[File:bletchleyAfter.JPG|400px|Bletchley After]]

===Buildings===
*Mansion - The Mansion was the main building of the initial site and housed many different groups throughout the war. The Intelligence Exchange group was housed here until it was moved to Hut 4. Most other rooms were used as offices and record keeping storage rooms.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 27-32.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: mansion.JPG|Mansion
</gallery>
*Hut 3 - Hut 3 was the intelligence hut for German Army and Air Force communications after having been processed by Hut 6. In February 1943 the Hut 3 reporting group was moved to Block D and the building was renamed Hut 23.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 8-9.</ref>
*Hut 6 - Hut 6 housed the Enigma processing machinery for the German Army and Air Force messages which then passed the information onto Hut 3 for translation and reporting. In February 1943 the Hut 6 Section moved to Block D and the building was renamed Hut 16.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 11.</ref>
*Hut 8 - Hut 8 was dedicated to the breaking of the German Naval Enigma messages. It was here that Alan Turing lead his team in breaking the Naval Enigma codes. In February 1943, the Hut 8 Naval Enigma processing section moved to Block D and the building was renamed Hut 18.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp12.</ref>
*Hut 11 - Hut 11 housed the original Bombe Machines that were co-designed by Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman. It was at this location that the WRENS, Women's Royal Naval Service, worked in teams of two to set up the machines according to the menus they were given to find possible settings for the day's Enigma settings. These machines were eventually moved to Hut 11A so Hut 11 could be used to test new equipment being designed including Rob and Colossus.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 14.</ref>
*Block D - Block D was completed in January of 1943 as a one story building to be completed more quickly than the original two story design. Block D contained Huts 3, 6, and 8 which consisted of 40,000 square feet which at the time of completion was the largest building at Bletchley Park. To protect the building a weapons tower with machine guns was built on the roof to repulse any low-flying enemy aircraft.<ref>Bonsall, A. (2009). History of Bletchley Park Huts & Blocks 1939-45. pp 24.</ref>
 

==Alan Turing==
Alan Turing from Paddington, England was not like everyone else. This was noticed by both students and headmasters as he worked his way through school.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 4-5.</ref> He earned mediocre scores but outside of class excelled in his own studies. One incident that impressed his headmaster was that he found the infinite series for the inverse tangent function without elementary calculus.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 25.</ref> His ability to be mediocre at most subjects and excel at Science and Mathematics allowed him to get a scholarship to King's College. Alan graduated with a degree in Mathematics and was elected a fellow shortly thereafter. It was this fellowship connection that put him on the radar of the GC&CS, Government Code and Cipher School, who then promptly recruited him in 1938.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 148-149.</ref> Alan was placed in a group with Dillwyn Knox, John Jeffries, and Peter Twinn who made up the group responsible for breaking Enigma.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 161.</ref>

The British had spent months getting nowhere with their attempts but that changed quickly when the Poles came forward with their information. The Poles had received the wiring diagrams for Enigma from the French Secret Service in 1932 and were able to consistently break Enigma shortly thereafter.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 170.</ref> The Poles used the indicators transmitted at the beginning of every message to search tables of all possible rotor combinations to determine what was in use. This manual process was time consuming so the Poles created a machine with Enigma rotors that searched these 6 x 17,576 core combinations for them. The downside of this was that each of the six possible rotor orders required its own machine. When the Germans introduced two more rotors to be used which brought the possible rotor orders up to 60, the Poles did not have the resources to build 60 machines to search for the combinations.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 172-174.</ref> It was at this point that they passed their information onto the British and French. Alan took these ideas developed by the Poles for an automated machine to search instead of a human. The big problem was, how do you incorporate so many physical combinations into a machine and have it know what it is searching for. The basis came from using a crib, a likely plain-text message, to compare against the encoded Enigma message. A major part of the Enigma machine was that it used a reflector which gave it a special property that no letter can encipher itself. Trying to find the exact location of a crib was made possible by this because if any letter lined up with itself then that could not be the correct position. This same phenomenon would be the basis for the Bombe machine and its search method as this contradiction helped eliminate possible plugboard combinations and make it feasible to solve.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 179.</ref> It was a brilliant design by Alan Turing, but when Gordon Welchman saw the designs he saw a way to exploit Enigma even more. His ideas that are explained below made the Bombe machine designed by Turing practical.<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 182.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: alanTuring.jpg|Alan Turing<ref>Hodges, A. (1983). Alan Turing: the enigma. Vintage. pp 268.</ref>
Image:turingOffice.JPG|Turing Office
</gallery>
 

==Gordon Welchman==
Gordon Welchman, before the war, was a Algebraic Geometry professor at Sidney Sussex College, England. As the war began he was asked to assist with code breaking for intelligence at Bletchley Park. While there he oversaw Hut 6 which focused on breaking the German Army and Air Force codes while also offering ideas about how to improve the efficiency of the process to help scale up the code breaking process. In order to do this more talent was needed. With his connections to colleges he recruited from the Cambridge area colleges.<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 31-35.</ref> While he and his team worked to break Enigma with the hand technique developed by the Poles, the Germans changed their protocol. Previously the starting position for the German message was enciphered twice at the beginning of the message but then was changed to only be enciphered once after 1940. This change made the previous method worthless and new ideas had to be developed.<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 43.</ref>

With Alan Turing's machine built and installed it was supposed to be the savior of the code breaking operation, but it didn't really work. It had too many false positives and took far too long to be useful. After hearing about Turing's idea behind the machine Welchman came up with another idea. It was called the diagonal board. The process of code breaking was based upon educated guesses, and if that guess was wrong the Bombe just kept searching which led to it taking a very long time to find a solution. This diagonal board solved this problem by simultaneously scanning all possible combinations by allowing an unlimited number of reentries into the chain.<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 63.</ref> If a wire became live then there were up to 25 more possible false inputs that could also be checked to rule out that configuration.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 38.</ref> This allowed the Bombe to find the solution magnitudes faster than previously.
<gallery mode="packed">
Image: welchman.jpg|Gordon Welchman<ref>Gordon Welchman. (n.d.). Retrieved June 01, 2017, from [http://www.cryptomuseum.com/people/gordon_welchman.htm]</ref>
Image: DiagonalBoard.jpg|5x5 Diagonal Board<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books. pp 233.</ref>
Image: bombeDiagonalBoard.jpg|Bombe Diagonal Board
</gallery>
 

==Bombe==
[[File:bombeWheel.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Bombe Wheel]]
[[File:bombe.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Replica Bombe Machine]]
[[File:enigmaMenu.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Enigma Menu<ref>Greenberg, J. (2014). Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park's Architect of Ultra Intelligence. Frontline Books.</ref>]]
In the multi-step process of breaking Enigma the Bombe was essential. All parts of the process were important but without the Bombe doing automated checking Enigma would have remained unbreakable. The purpose of the Bombe was to utilize a crib, likely plain-text message, to check the 17,576 possible configurations of the rotors, which it did in about 10.5 minutes.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 10, 12.</ref> To set up a Bombe, cryptographers created a menu which was formed from a plausible plain-text message. If the guess was correct the Bombe would stop giving the codebreakers a plausible starting position for the rotors and one of the plugboard connections.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 11.</ref> To solve the rest of the plugboard connections a checking machine was used. The checking machine works the same way as an Enigma machine without the plugboard. Using a combination of the menu, starting positions from the Bombe, and the first plugboard connection from the Bombe all the other plugboard connections could be deduced with the checking machine. If there were contradicting letters then the Bombe gave a false stop and had to be restarted.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 43-47.</ref>

To create a menu, a crib was lined up with the cipher-text and since no letter can be enciphered as itself a plausible relationship between the two could be made. If X was the sixth position of plain-text and O was the sixth position of cipher-text then it's possible that when the rotors had moved six places from the start X is enciphered as O.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 14.</ref> This was done many times and created loops of letters enciphering each other. These loops when combined created a menu used to break Enigma. The drums on the front of the Bombe rotated checking for the rotor positions. On the back of the machine were miles of wires connected between different letters to use these menus to remove false positives from the system.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 23.</ref>

With the German Navy increasing the number of rotors from three to four the existing Bombe machines were modified to try and solve it, but were unable to. A special four rotor Bombe had to be designed to break the four rotor Enigma.<ref>Turing, D. (2014). Bletchley Park Demystifying the Bombe. pp 61.</ref> It was based upon the same concepts as the three rotor Bombe but included another row of rotors and was optimized for the four rotor job.
<mediaplayer>File:bombeMachine.mp4</mediaplayer>
 

==The Impact on World War II and future encryption==
There is no doubt that breaking Enigma had a significant impact on World War II. It is difficult to determine exactly how much of an impact but there were several key events that were influenced by the breaking of Enigma. During the North African campaign, German General Erwin Rommel had a victory at Gazala but due to Enigma intercepts the Allied forces were able to prevent him from capitalizing on that victory. In keeping Rommel out of Egypt in 1942 the conquest of North Africa stayed on track as a loss would have set Operation Overlord back until 1946. This kind of extension of the war would have had dire consequences for Britain due to the German assault that included weapons like the V-2.<ref>Lycett, A. (2011, February 17). History - World Wars: Breaking Germany's Enigma Code. Retrieved June 01, 2017, from [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/enigma_01.shtml]</ref>
 
Moving beyond World War II and into the age of computers, data security became an important topic. How does one make sure everyone can communicate to someone they have never communicated to before but still remain secure. The evolution of encryption that has led to our current methods was introduced with the Diffie-Hellman key exchange system. This system was proposed by Diffie and Hellman in 1976 as a practical way to encrypt messages between two people, for example, Bob and Alice. As the two people have never met before the initial exchange must be an unsecured transmission. The system relies upon primes and the difficulty in determining very large prime numbers. Bob and Alice agree upon two integers, p (a large prime number) and m (a number that lies between 1 and p-1). Bob chooses a secret number x which lies between 1 and p-1. Then computes kx=mx(mod p) and sends it to Alice. Alice chooses a secret number y which lies between 1 and p-1. Then computes ky=my(mod p) and sends it to Bob. Now (kx)y=(ky)x=mxy(mod p). This allows messages sent both directions to be encrypted without the other knowing the secret key that would have been exposed by the unsecured transmission.<ref>Churchhouse, R. (2002). Codes and ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press. pp 166-167.</ref> This method launched cryptography into the modern age as almost every current encryption system is based off this concept.

=Section 2: Deliverable=
==Enigma Recreation==
 
For my deliverable I recreated a German Enigma Machine that was in use by all branches of the German Military, until when the Navy used a more advanced version. The Machine is based around a visual representation of the machine to show the complexity of it and how complicated a job the codebreakers had. There is a short instruction video below that shows the different parts of the virtual machine. To experience the Enigma machine [https://londonhuawiki.wpi.edu/_sub/2017/Enigma/enigmaMachineNJ.html click here].
 
<div style="position: relative; padding-bottom: 20%;padding-top: 0px; height: 0; overflow: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;"><htmltag tagname="iframe" id="ensembleEmbeddedContent_BrDIg3BV4U--TTpsQK-wLQ" src="https://video.wpi.edu/app/plugin/embed.aspx?ID=BrDIg3BV4U--TTpsQK-wLQ&isResponsive=true&isNewPluginEmbed=true&displayTitle=false&startTime=0&autoPlay=false&hideControls=true&showCaptions=false&displaySharing=false&displayAnnotations=false&displayAttachments=false&displayLinks=false&displayEmbedCode=false&displayDownloadIcon=false&displayMetaData=false&displayDateProduced=false&audioPreviewImage=false&displayCaptionSearch=false" frameborder="0" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen></htmltag></div>
 

==The Math behind the Enigma==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Enigma Type !! Rotor States !! Wheel Orders !! Plug Board !! Total Combinations
|-
| Commercial || 263 || 3*2*1 || 1 || 105,456
|-
| Army and Air Force || 263|| 5*4*3 || 26!/10!6!210 || 158 billion billion
|-
| Naval || 264|| 8*7*6*5 || 26!/10!6!210 || 115,724 billion billion
|}
 

=Conclusion=
In this milestone, many important points relating to Enigma have been discussed. The Enigma machine, what is it and what made it so important. The key location in breaking Enigma, Bletchley Park, and how it was utilized. Important figures in the fight to break Enigma, Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman, and what they contributed. The Bombe, what it was and how it was able to do its job. The impact of breaking Enigma on the war and the future of encryption put forth by Enigma. For my deliverable a visual web version of Enigma has been designed to illustrate the complexity of Enigma and the importance of the work that was done at Bletchley Park. In addition to the Enigma machine, also included is a chart that illustrates what made Enigma so mathematically complex.

For a future inquiry an important machine to look at would be the SZ42, Lorenz machine. It was used for German High Command communications as it was mathematically more complex than the Enigma machine, yet was broken without the cryptographers ever seeing the machine or diagrams of its wiring.
 

=References=
<references/>
 

=External Links=
[https://bletchleypark.org.uk Bletchley Park Website]
 
[[Category:History Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]


[[Category:Featured Projects]]

Cathedral Architecture

2017-06-22T12:12:26Z

Nbjohnson: /* Section 2: Deliverable */

=Cathedral Architecture=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

{{Infobox
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:lichfieldCath.jpg|x450px]]
|caption = Lichfield Cathedral <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/gallery]</ref>
|label2 = '''Established'''
|data2 = 1340 <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Our History. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
}}
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This project was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes each of Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles unique, the photos that I have taken are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles found within the same building. This area of study is something different for me as I have only taken the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI which is History, none in Art or Architecture. My major takeaway from this milestone is the effort put forth by the architects and builders who so eloquently decorated these churches/cathedrals for all to see. The detail is just incredible to see and cannot be found just anywhere.

 

=Introduction=
 
This project covers what makes each architectural style chosen unique and then illustrates the differences between the styles found within the same building through photographs. The three styles chosen were European and English while at the same time having unique aspects to differentiate them. The three that I chose to examine were Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. It is important to show the different styles and what makes them distinct while also observing how each one influences the others. As new Bishops wanted to make their mark on the church/cathedral or sometimes portions were damaged in a war, multiple styles were included in a single building. This presents a unique look at the different styles within the same structure and interested me enough to research for my deliverable. This was my first immersive experience in architecture so it was a learning experience along the way.
 

=Section 1: Background=
 

==Norman==

Norman Architecture is a subcategory of the Romanesque style along with Anglo-Saxon. The Anglo-Saxon period came to an end in England when The Normans attacked in 1066 from western Europe.<ref>Fernie, E (2000). "The Architecture of Norman England". Oxford University Press, pp.11</ref> The key item that made both of these belong to Romanesque was the semi-circular arch. These semi-circular arches were used in doorways, window frames, [[Vaulting|vaults]], and [[arcade|arcades]]. Previously, the Anglo-Saxon churches were tall, narrow buildings with quite thin walls, but this changed with the Norman style. The Norman style was built in contrast to this with the churches being built with a wide base and the thick walls.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref>
 
[[File:archDesign.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Arch Design<ref>Thisiscarpentry.com. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [http://tic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Parts-of-an-Arch1_1.jpg]</ref>]]
Norman Architecture began in approximately 1060 and roughly lasted through the year 1190.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> These years are an estimate that is widely accepted as there is always overlap in changing styles. The Norman style took many cues from the Romans to include in their style. The main one being the semi-circular arch and its design. The semi-circular arch at its time was revolutionary, as it was able to suspend massive loads over an open area. This was due to its design which included several key parts, voussoirs and the key-stone. The voussoirs were the wedge shaped stones that made up the arch passing the load to the next outer stone. The key-stone is the central stone in the arch and locks all the stones of the structure into place.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref> In addition to the semi-circular arches, some of the key characteristics included in Norman architecture were large cylindrical pillars, [[vaulting]] and small windows.<ref>English Heritage. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2017, from [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval-part-1/architecture/]</ref> The windows in Norman churches were quite small, so to allow the maximum amount of light through them a distinctive technique was used. This technique is known as splaying, which is where the inside or outside of the window is wider than the middle of the window.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> Another characteristic, [[vaulting]], when used, was sometimes made of wood but, was usually made of stone. When it was made of wood the vaulting was quite flat. When stone was utilized, it was constructed in a round arch shape. <ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> As the year 1200 approached, the semi-circular arch gave way to the pointed arch which began the Gothic style and marked an end for the Romanesque style.

===Notable Norman Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 15.</ref>===
* Rochester Cathedral - The second oldest cathedral in England, having been founded in 604. The Nave, parts of the crypt and facades were built in the Norman architecture. Later additions to the cathedral because of fire damage were made in the Gothic style which included the Quire and the roof of the Nave.<ref>Rochester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.rochestercathedral.org/history]</ref>
*St. John's Chapel at The White Tower - St. John's Chapel was built inside the White Tower and because of this is very well preserved with no remodeling like many of the other cathedrals. The only major change is the loss of paint on the walls. It was built during the overlap of the Anglo-saxon period and the Norman period. As it was finished during the Norman period it exhibits more Norman architecture than Anglo-saxon.<ref>Palaces, H. R. (n.d.). The Chapel of St. John's. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from [http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/discover-the-towers/the-chapel-of-st-johns/]</ref>
*Gloucester Cathedral - The site originally was an Anglo-saxon religious house that was built in 678, but was removed for the new Norman abbey that began construction in 1089. In 1327, the east end was remodeled in the Perpendicular style. In the 1400s, the west end, south porch, and tower were remodeled also in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Gloucester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-history/]</ref>
 

==Decorated Gothic==

Decorated Gothic is a subcategory of the Gothic style along with Perpendicular and Early English. The Gothic style's key element that united them was the pointed arch. This large transformation from the semi-circular arch to the pointed arch began around 1200 but the Decorated Gothic style began in 1250 with the addition of several key modifications and lasted until 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> This style also has been divided into two subcategories known as Geometric and Curvilinear. Geometric spanned from 1250 to 1315, while Curvilinear covered 1315 to 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> The Geometric period was focused on the circle which was mainly used in the tracery, stonework elements that supported the glass, but could also be found elsewhere. The Curvilinear period reduced or stopped its use of the circle, but introduced the [[Ogee]] and used it extensively.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 29.</ref>
 
[[File:lierneVault.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Lierne Vault at Ely Cathedral<ref>Bony, J. (1979). The English Decorated Style. Phaidon Press Limited. pp. 283.</ref>]]
[[File:ballflower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ball Flower<ref>Ball-flower. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37683/37683-h/images/image0022.png]</ref>]]
As Gothic Architecture evolved, distinctive patterns began to emerge. In regards to the Decorated style, as the name suggests, it involved extensive use of decorative elements. Several of these distinctive elements that made up the Decorated Gothic style include windows with [[mullions]], elegant tracery of the very large windows including [[foil|trefoils]] and [[foil|quatrefoils]], and [[Vaulting|vault ribbing]].<ref>Bony, J (1979). "The English Decorated Style: Gothic Architecture Transformed". Cornell University Press</ref> Compared to the previous Early English period the large windows became wider in proportion to their height.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Later decorated styles expanded upon the ribbed vaulting by adding small ribs called liernes between other ribs. The architects formed geometrical shapes with these liernes that kept with the style.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 36.</ref> At the intersection of these ribs bosses, elaborately carved ornaments, began to be used here in the Decorated period.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Another important decorative element that added to the aesthetic was the ball flower.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> The ball flower was a partially opened flower carved into a sphere. All of these distinctive elements accumulated to make the Decorated Gothic style which created some amazing buildings, but as time went on the Decorated style gave way to the Perpendicular style which is explained below. 

===Notable Decorated Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 27,31.</ref>===
*Lichfield Cathedral - The original cathedral on the Lichfield site was of Anglo-saxon design in 700. In 1066, the Normans built a new cathedral in their Norman architecture. In 1340, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Gothic style.<ref>Lichfield Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
*Exeter Cathedral - In 1050, a cathedral of Anglo-saxon design was built at the Exeter site. In 1114, work began on a new cathedral of Norman design which began use in 1133. In 1270, parts of the existing Norman structure were demolished for construction to begin on the Decorated Gothic cathedral which was completed in 1342.<ref>History of Exeter Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/_assets/Education/141107%20A%20History%20of%20Exeter%20Cathedral.pdf]</ref>
*York Cathedral - Originally on the site there were several Anglo-saxon churches over time which were replaced when the Normans invaded. In 1080 construction began on the Norman church. In 1170, the Quire was replaced and a pair of towers were built. In 1220, the building expanded even further with the addition of two Transepts in the Early English style. In 1291, the Nave was replaced with one in the Decorated Gothic style. In 1394, the Quire was again replaced, this time with the Perpendicular style.<ref>York Minster short history. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://yorkminster.org/geisha/assets/files/1%20A%20short%20history%20until%201472(1).pdf]</ref>
 

==Perpendicular Gothic==
[[File:archComp.png|thumb|right|300px|Pointed Arch vs. Four-centered Arch<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref>]]
Perpendicular Gothic, also known as the Rectilinear Period, followed directly after the Decorated Gothic period. It began in 1360 and lasted until 1550.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> It was thought that the simplification introduced, compared to the Decorated Gothic style, was due to the Black Plague and its effects on the labor force in England. This idea was proven incorrect with Gloucester Abbey's south window and Old St. Paul's cloister remains. One idea as to why decorations were scaled back was that it was for cutting costs, but that is just a possible reason and the real reason may never be known.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 17.</ref> 

This style, Perpendicular, belonged to the Gothic style and utilized pointed arches extensively. Perpendicular built upon the Decorated Gothic style in some aspects, and scaled back in others. A key area of scaling back occurred with the reduced tracery of the windows, while Perpendicular kept the large windows. One of the main differences that was introduced was an emphasis on vertical lines, especially the [[mullions]] of the windows, which were thinner than previously used ones.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 27-28.</ref> Commonly crossing the mullions in Perpendicular are transoms, a horizontal crossbar in a window.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6,33.</ref> A change to the arch also came with this new style. The pointed arch gave way to a slightly flatter arch called the four-centered arch. This new arch was utilized alongside the existing pointed arch in the Perpendicular style. [[Vaulting]] was also expanded with this period and became more complex than previous styles; during this period it was known as [[Vaulting | fan vaulting]]. Overall this style was not a revolution but an evolution, building upon the previous Gothic styles.

===Notable Perpendicular Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 36-37.</ref>===
*Winchester Cathedral - The Winchester Cathedral has had many styles added to it throughout the years. The original building was of Norman architecture built in 1079, while the crypt and transepts are all that remain of this building. In the early 1200s, an Early English retrochoir was built at the east end. In the 1300s, the Norman presbytery was replaced with a Decorated Gothic design. Finally, the Nave during the 1300s and 1400s was replaced with the Perpendicular Gothic style.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
*Westminster Abbey - In 1065, a church of Norman architecture was built. Work began in 1220 to replace the church but funds were not available. When funds were gathered by 1272, work on the Quire and a small part of the Nave were completed in the Decorated Gothic style. Funds again ran out and were not gathered until the end of the 14th century. To have architectural unity the design was continued, although slightly modified, for the rest of the Nave. In 1503, construction began on the Henry VII chapel using the Perpendicular style and was completed in 1519, replacing the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
*Manchester Cathedral - The original building was an Anglo-saxon church from 700. In 1215, the church was rebuilt in the Norman style adjacent to the original site. In 1422, the Quire was rebuilt in the Perpendicular Gothic style. In 1465, the Nave was then rebuilt in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Manchester Cathedral Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
 
For my Deliverable I utilized my background information about the Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles to compare the different styles found within the same church/cathedral. As the architectural eras overlap and buildings are added onto or partially rebuilt, multiple styles are found within the same structure. Below I utilize photos taken of the buildings to illustrate those differences of styles. I traveled to the churches/cathedrals and took most of the photos myself, but some locations do not allow photos inside due to them being a working church so they are the official photos from the church/cathedral.
 

==Winchester Cathedral==
===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanArch.JPG | Norman
Image: decArch.JPG | Decorated Gothic
Image: perArch.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, in the Norman section of Winchester Cathedral, the arches consist of the semi-circular design, which is a characteristic of this style. This is in contrast to the distinctly pointed arches that are found in the Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic sections of the Cathedral. The Decorated Arches were found in the presbytery which had a remodel commissioned by Bishop Henry Woodcock in the 1300s. The Perpendicular Arches, found in the Nave, were designed by William Wynford and were completed under the guidance of several Bishops in the 14th and 15th Centuries.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: normanRoof.jpg| Norman
Image: decoratedRoof.JPG | Decorated Gothic
</gallery>
In the North Transept of the Cathedral, the Norman style vaulting was a flat wood surface as can be seen above. This was a part of the original cathedral commissioned by Bishop Walkelin in 1079. In the presbytery, built in the Decorated Gothic style, the breathtaking Lierne Vaulting can be found. The liernes connecting the larger ribs and eloquently carved bosses at the intersection of the ribs are distinct and unique to this style. Bishop Henry Woodcock commissioned this presbytery to be built in the 1300s.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanWindow.jpg | Norman
Image: perWindow.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, there is quite a stark contrast between the window design of the Norman and Perpendicular Gothic styles. The Norman window, found in the North Transept, is quite small compared to the massive Perpendicular window. At the top of the Norman window the semi-circular arch that is found throughout the style, that was used in 1079 when it was built, is visible, this is in contrast to the pointed arch, located in the Nave, that is found at the top of the Perpendicular window. Also noticeable is the mullions that run top to bottom of the very tall Perpendicular window, crossed by the transoms.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

==Westminster Abbey==

===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=270p>
Image: westminsterArch.JPG|Decorated Gothic
Image: fourCenteredArch.JPG|Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, the Decorated Gothic Nave of Westminster Abbey utilizes the pointed arch for its windows. This section's building in of the Abbey in 1220 was overseen by Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley, but work had to stop because of a lack of funds. In 1272, Abbot Nicholas Litlyngton continued the structure using the original designs when more money became available. In contrast to this, the Perpendicular Henry VII chapel utilizes the four-centered arch in its design. The four-centered arch is a slightly flatter arch and a design sketch of the differences can be found in the Perpendicular background section. This section of the Abbey was built between 1503 and 1519, designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: westminsterWindowRound.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: gothicWindow6.JPG| Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
In the Decorated style, circles were used extensively. The large circular window seen above was located in the North transept of Westminster Abbey, part of the Decorated style section. This section was completed in 1269 after having been overseen by master masons Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley. The Perpendicular style window, located in the Henry VII chapel, uses large vertical windows with thin mullions and transoms. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519 to replace the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=260p>
Image: vaultingD.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: Henry-VII-chapel-vault.jpg|Perpendicular Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
</gallery>
During the Decorated Gothic style period, ribbed vaults were the style of vaulting that was used. The Vaulting seen above is from the west section of the Nave that was built in 1272. In contrast to that, the Perpendicular style used Fan vaulting. This fan vaulting located in the Henry VII chapel was significantly more complex in its radiating pattern as can be seen in the images above. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 
 

=Conclusion=
 
Overall, this project has provided a background of three distinct architectural styles, Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. The background described many of the distinct qualities of each style. Some of these included arch style, amount of decorative elements, and [[Vaulting]]. The Deliverable took these differences and illustrated them through photographs of a building that had multiple styles present. As this study only included styles up until the mid 1500s a future project would be studying styles moving forward into the 1600s and beyond.

 

=References=
<references />

 

[[Category:Art Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Cathedral Architecture

2017-06-22T12:11:54Z

Nbjohnson: /* Perpendicular Gothic */

=Cathedral Architecture=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

{{Infobox
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:lichfieldCath.jpg|x450px]]
|caption = Lichfield Cathedral <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/gallery]</ref>
|label2 = '''Established'''
|data2 = 1340 <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Our History. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
}}
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This project was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes each of Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles unique, the photos that I have taken are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles found within the same building. This area of study is something different for me as I have only taken the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI which is History, none in Art or Architecture. My major takeaway from this milestone is the effort put forth by the architects and builders who so eloquently decorated these churches/cathedrals for all to see. The detail is just incredible to see and cannot be found just anywhere.

 

=Introduction=
 
This project covers what makes each architectural style chosen unique and then illustrates the differences between the styles found within the same building through photographs. The three styles chosen were European and English while at the same time having unique aspects to differentiate them. The three that I chose to examine were Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. It is important to show the different styles and what makes them distinct while also observing how each one influences the others. As new Bishops wanted to make their mark on the church/cathedral or sometimes portions were damaged in a war, multiple styles were included in a single building. This presents a unique look at the different styles within the same structure and interested me enough to research for my deliverable. This was my first immersive experience in architecture so it was a learning experience along the way.
 

=Section 1: Background=
 

==Norman==

Norman Architecture is a subcategory of the Romanesque style along with Anglo-Saxon. The Anglo-Saxon period came to an end in England when The Normans attacked in 1066 from western Europe.<ref>Fernie, E (2000). "The Architecture of Norman England". Oxford University Press, pp.11</ref> The key item that made both of these belong to Romanesque was the semi-circular arch. These semi-circular arches were used in doorways, window frames, [[Vaulting|vaults]], and [[arcade|arcades]]. Previously, the Anglo-Saxon churches were tall, narrow buildings with quite thin walls, but this changed with the Norman style. The Norman style was built in contrast to this with the churches being built with a wide base and the thick walls.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref>
 
[[File:archDesign.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Arch Design<ref>Thisiscarpentry.com. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [http://tic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Parts-of-an-Arch1_1.jpg]</ref>]]
Norman Architecture began in approximately 1060 and roughly lasted through the year 1190.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> These years are an estimate that is widely accepted as there is always overlap in changing styles. The Norman style took many cues from the Romans to include in their style. The main one being the semi-circular arch and its design. The semi-circular arch at its time was revolutionary, as it was able to suspend massive loads over an open area. This was due to its design which included several key parts, voussoirs and the key-stone. The voussoirs were the wedge shaped stones that made up the arch passing the load to the next outer stone. The key-stone is the central stone in the arch and locks all the stones of the structure into place.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref> In addition to the semi-circular arches, some of the key characteristics included in Norman architecture were large cylindrical pillars, [[vaulting]] and small windows.<ref>English Heritage. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2017, from [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval-part-1/architecture/]</ref> The windows in Norman churches were quite small, so to allow the maximum amount of light through them a distinctive technique was used. This technique is known as splaying, which is where the inside or outside of the window is wider than the middle of the window.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> Another characteristic, [[vaulting]], when used, was sometimes made of wood but, was usually made of stone. When it was made of wood the vaulting was quite flat. When stone was utilized, it was constructed in a round arch shape. <ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> As the year 1200 approached, the semi-circular arch gave way to the pointed arch which began the Gothic style and marked an end for the Romanesque style.

===Notable Norman Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 15.</ref>===
* Rochester Cathedral - The second oldest cathedral in England, having been founded in 604. The Nave, parts of the crypt and facades were built in the Norman architecture. Later additions to the cathedral because of fire damage were made in the Gothic style which included the Quire and the roof of the Nave.<ref>Rochester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.rochestercathedral.org/history]</ref>
*St. John's Chapel at The White Tower - St. John's Chapel was built inside the White Tower and because of this is very well preserved with no remodeling like many of the other cathedrals. The only major change is the loss of paint on the walls. It was built during the overlap of the Anglo-saxon period and the Norman period. As it was finished during the Norman period it exhibits more Norman architecture than Anglo-saxon.<ref>Palaces, H. R. (n.d.). The Chapel of St. John's. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from [http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/discover-the-towers/the-chapel-of-st-johns/]</ref>
*Gloucester Cathedral - The site originally was an Anglo-saxon religious house that was built in 678, but was removed for the new Norman abbey that began construction in 1089. In 1327, the east end was remodeled in the Perpendicular style. In the 1400s, the west end, south porch, and tower were remodeled also in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Gloucester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-history/]</ref>
 

==Decorated Gothic==

Decorated Gothic is a subcategory of the Gothic style along with Perpendicular and Early English. The Gothic style's key element that united them was the pointed arch. This large transformation from the semi-circular arch to the pointed arch began around 1200 but the Decorated Gothic style began in 1250 with the addition of several key modifications and lasted until 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> This style also has been divided into two subcategories known as Geometric and Curvilinear. Geometric spanned from 1250 to 1315, while Curvilinear covered 1315 to 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> The Geometric period was focused on the circle which was mainly used in the tracery, stonework elements that supported the glass, but could also be found elsewhere. The Curvilinear period reduced or stopped its use of the circle, but introduced the [[Ogee]] and used it extensively.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 29.</ref>
 
[[File:lierneVault.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Lierne Vault at Ely Cathedral<ref>Bony, J. (1979). The English Decorated Style. Phaidon Press Limited. pp. 283.</ref>]]
[[File:ballflower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ball Flower<ref>Ball-flower. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37683/37683-h/images/image0022.png]</ref>]]
As Gothic Architecture evolved, distinctive patterns began to emerge. In regards to the Decorated style, as the name suggests, it involved extensive use of decorative elements. Several of these distinctive elements that made up the Decorated Gothic style include windows with [[mullions]], elegant tracery of the very large windows including [[foil|trefoils]] and [[foil|quatrefoils]], and [[Vaulting|vault ribbing]].<ref>Bony, J (1979). "The English Decorated Style: Gothic Architecture Transformed". Cornell University Press</ref> Compared to the previous Early English period the large windows became wider in proportion to their height.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Later decorated styles expanded upon the ribbed vaulting by adding small ribs called liernes between other ribs. The architects formed geometrical shapes with these liernes that kept with the style.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 36.</ref> At the intersection of these ribs bosses, elaborately carved ornaments, began to be used here in the Decorated period.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Another important decorative element that added to the aesthetic was the ball flower.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> The ball flower was a partially opened flower carved into a sphere. All of these distinctive elements accumulated to make the Decorated Gothic style which created some amazing buildings, but as time went on the Decorated style gave way to the Perpendicular style which is explained below. 

===Notable Decorated Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 27,31.</ref>===
*Lichfield Cathedral - The original cathedral on the Lichfield site was of Anglo-saxon design in 700. In 1066, the Normans built a new cathedral in their Norman architecture. In 1340, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Gothic style.<ref>Lichfield Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
*Exeter Cathedral - In 1050, a cathedral of Anglo-saxon design was built at the Exeter site. In 1114, work began on a new cathedral of Norman design which began use in 1133. In 1270, parts of the existing Norman structure were demolished for construction to begin on the Decorated Gothic cathedral which was completed in 1342.<ref>History of Exeter Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/_assets/Education/141107%20A%20History%20of%20Exeter%20Cathedral.pdf]</ref>
*York Cathedral - Originally on the site there were several Anglo-saxon churches over time which were replaced when the Normans invaded. In 1080 construction began on the Norman church. In 1170, the Quire was replaced and a pair of towers were built. In 1220, the building expanded even further with the addition of two Transepts in the Early English style. In 1291, the Nave was replaced with one in the Decorated Gothic style. In 1394, the Quire was again replaced, this time with the Perpendicular style.<ref>York Minster short history. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://yorkminster.org/geisha/assets/files/1%20A%20short%20history%20until%201472(1).pdf]</ref>
 

==Perpendicular Gothic==
[[File:archComp.png|thumb|right|300px|Pointed Arch vs. Four-centered Arch<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref>]]
Perpendicular Gothic, also known as the Rectilinear Period, followed directly after the Decorated Gothic period. It began in 1360 and lasted until 1550.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> It was thought that the simplification introduced, compared to the Decorated Gothic style, was due to the Black Plague and its effects on the labor force in England. This idea was proven incorrect with Gloucester Abbey's south window and Old St. Paul's cloister remains. One idea as to why decorations were scaled back was that it was for cutting costs, but that is just a possible reason and the real reason may never be known.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 17.</ref> 

This style, Perpendicular, belonged to the Gothic style and utilized pointed arches extensively. Perpendicular built upon the Decorated Gothic style in some aspects, and scaled back in others. A key area of scaling back occurred with the reduced tracery of the windows, while Perpendicular kept the large windows. One of the main differences that was introduced was an emphasis on vertical lines, especially the [[mullions]] of the windows, which were thinner than previously used ones.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 27-28.</ref> Commonly crossing the mullions in Perpendicular are transoms, a horizontal crossbar in a window.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6,33.</ref> A change to the arch also came with this new style. The pointed arch gave way to a slightly flatter arch called the four-centered arch. This new arch was utilized alongside the existing pointed arch in the Perpendicular style. [[Vaulting]] was also expanded with this period and became more complex than previous styles; during this period it was known as [[Vaulting | fan vaulting]]. Overall this style was not a revolution but an evolution, building upon the previous Gothic styles.

===Notable Perpendicular Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 36-37.</ref>===
*Winchester Cathedral - The Winchester Cathedral has had many styles added to it throughout the years. The original building was of Norman architecture built in 1079, while the crypt and transepts are all that remain of this building. In the early 1200s, an Early English retrochoir was built at the east end. In the 1300s, the Norman presbytery was replaced with a Decorated Gothic design. Finally, the Nave during the 1300s and 1400s was replaced with the Perpendicular Gothic style.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
*Westminster Abbey - In 1065, a church of Norman architecture was built. Work began in 1220 to replace the church but funds were not available. When funds were gathered by 1272, work on the Quire and a small part of the Nave were completed in the Decorated Gothic style. Funds again ran out and were not gathered until the end of the 14th century. To have architectural unity the design was continued, although slightly modified, for the rest of the Nave. In 1503, construction began on the Henry VII chapel using the Perpendicular style and was completed in 1519, replacing the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
*Manchester Cathedral - The original building was an Anglo-saxon church from 700. In 1215, the church was rebuilt in the Norman style adjacent to the original site. In 1422, the Quire was rebuilt in the Perpendicular Gothic style. In 1465, the Nave was then rebuilt in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Manchester Cathedral Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
 
For my Deliverable I utilized my background information about the Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothicstyles to compare the different styles found within the same church/cathedral. As the architectural eras overlap and buildings are added onto or partially rebuilt, multiple styles are found within the same structure. Below I utilize photos taken of the buildings to illustrate those differences of styles. I traveled to the churches/cathedrals and took most of the photos myself, but some locations do not allow photos inside due to them being a working church so they are the official photos from the church/cathedral.
 

==Winchester Cathedral==
===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanArch.JPG | Norman
Image: decArch.JPG | Decorated Gothic
Image: perArch.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, in the Norman section of Winchester Cathedral, the arches consist of the semi-circular design, which is a characteristic of this style. This is in contrast to the distinctly pointed arches that are found in the Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic sections of the Cathedral. The Decorated Arches were found in the presbytery which had a remodel commissioned by Bishop Henry Woodcock in the 1300s. The Perpendicular Arches, found in the Nave, were designed by William Wynford and were completed under the guidance of several Bishops in the 14th and 15th Centuries.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: normanRoof.jpg| Norman
Image: decoratedRoof.JPG | Decorated Gothic
</gallery>
In the North Transept of the Cathedral, the Norman style vaulting was a flat wood surface as can be seen above. This was a part of the original cathedral commissioned by Bishop Walkelin in 1079. In the presbytery, built in the Decorated Gothic style, the breathtaking Lierne Vaulting can be found. The liernes connecting the larger ribs and eloquently carved bosses at the intersection of the ribs are distinct and unique to this style. Bishop Henry Woodcock commissioned this presbytery to be built in the 1300s.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanWindow.jpg | Norman
Image: perWindow.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, there is quite a stark contrast between the window design of the Norman and Perpendicular Gothic styles. The Norman window, found in the North Transept, is quite small compared to the massive Perpendicular window. At the top of the Norman window the semi-circular arch that is found throughout the style, that was used in 1079 when it was built, is visible, this is in contrast to the pointed arch, located in the Nave, that is found at the top of the Perpendicular window. Also noticeable is the mullions that run top to bottom of the very tall Perpendicular window, crossed by the transoms.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

==Westminster Abbey==

===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=270p>
Image: westminsterArch.JPG|Decorated Gothic
Image: fourCenteredArch.JPG|Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, the Decorated Gothic Nave of Westminster Abbey utilizes the pointed arch for its windows. This section's building in of the Abbey in 1220 was overseen by Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley, but work had to stop because of a lack of funds. In 1272, Abbot Nicholas Litlyngton continued the structure using the original designs when more money became available. In contrast to this, the Perpendicular Henry VII chapel utilizes the four-centered arch in its design. The four-centered arch is a slightly flatter arch and a design sketch of the differences can be found in the Perpendicular background section. This section of the Abbey was built between 1503 and 1519, designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: westminsterWindowRound.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: gothicWindow6.JPG| Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
In the Decorated style, circles were used extensively. The large circular window seen above was located in the North transept of Westminster Abbey, part of the Decorated style section. This section was completed in 1269 after having been overseen by master masons Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley. The Perpendicular style window, located in the Henry VII chapel, uses large vertical windows with thin mullions and transoms. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519 to replace the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=260p>
Image: vaultingD.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: Henry-VII-chapel-vault.jpg|Perpendicular Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
</gallery>
During the Decorated Gothic style period, ribbed vaults were the style of vaulting that was used. The Vaulting seen above is from the west section of the Nave that was built in 1272. In contrast to that, the Perpendicular style used Fan vaulting. This fan vaulting located in the Henry VII chapel was significantly more complex in its radiating pattern as can be seen in the images above. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 
 

=Conclusion=
 
Overall, this project has provided a background of three distinct architectural styles, Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. The background described many of the distinct qualities of each style. Some of these included arch style, amount of decorative elements, and [[Vaulting]]. The Deliverable took these differences and illustrated them through photographs of a building that had multiple styles present. As this study only included styles up until the mid 1500s a future project would be studying styles moving forward into the 1600s and beyond.

 

=References=
<references />

 

[[Category:Art Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Cathedral Architecture

2017-06-22T12:08:41Z

Nbjohnson: /* Winchester Cathedral */

=Cathedral Architecture=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

{{Infobox
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:lichfieldCath.jpg|x450px]]
|caption = Lichfield Cathedral <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/gallery]</ref>
|label2 = '''Established'''
|data2 = 1340 <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Our History. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
}}
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This project was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes each of Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles unique, the photos that I have taken are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles found within the same building. This area of study is something different for me as I have only taken the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI which is History, none in Art or Architecture. My major takeaway from this milestone is the effort put forth by the architects and builders who so eloquently decorated these churches/cathedrals for all to see. The detail is just incredible to see and cannot be found just anywhere.

 

=Introduction=
 
This project covers what makes each architectural style chosen unique and then illustrates the differences between the styles found within the same building through photographs. The three styles chosen were European and English while at the same time having unique aspects to differentiate them. The three that I chose to examine were Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. It is important to show the different styles and what makes them distinct while also observing how each one influences the others. As new Bishops wanted to make their mark on the church/cathedral or sometimes portions were damaged in a war, multiple styles were included in a single building. This presents a unique look at the different styles within the same structure and interested me enough to research for my deliverable. This was my first immersive experience in architecture so it was a learning experience along the way.
 

=Section 1: Background=
 

==Norman==

Norman Architecture is a subcategory of the Romanesque style along with Anglo-Saxon. The Anglo-Saxon period came to an end in England when The Normans attacked in 1066 from western Europe.<ref>Fernie, E (2000). "The Architecture of Norman England". Oxford University Press, pp.11</ref> The key item that made both of these belong to Romanesque was the semi-circular arch. These semi-circular arches were used in doorways, window frames, [[Vaulting|vaults]], and [[arcade|arcades]]. Previously, the Anglo-Saxon churches were tall, narrow buildings with quite thin walls, but this changed with the Norman style. The Norman style was built in contrast to this with the churches being built with a wide base and the thick walls.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref>
 
[[File:archDesign.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Arch Design<ref>Thisiscarpentry.com. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [http://tic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Parts-of-an-Arch1_1.jpg]</ref>]]
Norman Architecture began in approximately 1060 and roughly lasted through the year 1190.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> These years are an estimate that is widely accepted as there is always overlap in changing styles. The Norman style took many cues from the Romans to include in their style. The main one being the semi-circular arch and its design. The semi-circular arch at its time was revolutionary, as it was able to suspend massive loads over an open area. This was due to its design which included several key parts, voussoirs and the key-stone. The voussoirs were the wedge shaped stones that made up the arch passing the load to the next outer stone. The key-stone is the central stone in the arch and locks all the stones of the structure into place.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref> In addition to the semi-circular arches, some of the key characteristics included in Norman architecture were large cylindrical pillars, [[vaulting]] and small windows.<ref>English Heritage. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2017, from [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval-part-1/architecture/]</ref> The windows in Norman churches were quite small, so to allow the maximum amount of light through them a distinctive technique was used. This technique is known as splaying, which is where the inside or outside of the window is wider than the middle of the window.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> Another characteristic, [[vaulting]], when used, was sometimes made of wood but, was usually made of stone. When it was made of wood the vaulting was quite flat. When stone was utilized, it was constructed in a round arch shape. <ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> As the year 1200 approached, the semi-circular arch gave way to the pointed arch which began the Gothic style and marked an end for the Romanesque style.

===Notable Norman Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 15.</ref>===
* Rochester Cathedral - The second oldest cathedral in England, having been founded in 604. The Nave, parts of the crypt and facades were built in the Norman architecture. Later additions to the cathedral because of fire damage were made in the Gothic style which included the Quire and the roof of the Nave.<ref>Rochester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.rochestercathedral.org/history]</ref>
*St. John's Chapel at The White Tower - St. John's Chapel was built inside the White Tower and because of this is very well preserved with no remodeling like many of the other cathedrals. The only major change is the loss of paint on the walls. It was built during the overlap of the Anglo-saxon period and the Norman period. As it was finished during the Norman period it exhibits more Norman architecture than Anglo-saxon.<ref>Palaces, H. R. (n.d.). The Chapel of St. John's. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from [http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/discover-the-towers/the-chapel-of-st-johns/]</ref>
*Gloucester Cathedral - The site originally was an Anglo-saxon religious house that was built in 678, but was removed for the new Norman abbey that began construction in 1089. In 1327, the east end was remodeled in the Perpendicular style. In the 1400s, the west end, south porch, and tower were remodeled also in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Gloucester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-history/]</ref>
 

==Decorated Gothic==

Decorated Gothic is a subcategory of the Gothic style along with Perpendicular and Early English. The Gothic style's key element that united them was the pointed arch. This large transformation from the semi-circular arch to the pointed arch began around 1200 but the Decorated Gothic style began in 1250 with the addition of several key modifications and lasted until 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> This style also has been divided into two subcategories known as Geometric and Curvilinear. Geometric spanned from 1250 to 1315, while Curvilinear covered 1315 to 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> The Geometric period was focused on the circle which was mainly used in the tracery, stonework elements that supported the glass, but could also be found elsewhere. The Curvilinear period reduced or stopped its use of the circle, but introduced the [[Ogee]] and used it extensively.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 29.</ref>
 
[[File:lierneVault.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Lierne Vault at Ely Cathedral<ref>Bony, J. (1979). The English Decorated Style. Phaidon Press Limited. pp. 283.</ref>]]
[[File:ballflower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ball Flower<ref>Ball-flower. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37683/37683-h/images/image0022.png]</ref>]]
As Gothic Architecture evolved, distinctive patterns began to emerge. In regards to the Decorated style, as the name suggests, it involved extensive use of decorative elements. Several of these distinctive elements that made up the Decorated Gothic style include windows with [[mullions]], elegant tracery of the very large windows including [[foil|trefoils]] and [[foil|quatrefoils]], and [[Vaulting|vault ribbing]].<ref>Bony, J (1979). "The English Decorated Style: Gothic Architecture Transformed". Cornell University Press</ref> Compared to the previous Early English period the large windows became wider in proportion to their height.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Later decorated styles expanded upon the ribbed vaulting by adding small ribs called liernes between other ribs. The architects formed geometrical shapes with these liernes that kept with the style.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 36.</ref> At the intersection of these ribs bosses, elaborately carved ornaments, began to be used here in the Decorated period.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Another important decorative element that added to the aesthetic was the ball flower.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> The ball flower was a partially opened flower carved into a sphere. All of these distinctive elements accumulated to make the Decorated Gothic style which created some amazing buildings, but as time went on the Decorated style gave way to the Perpendicular style which is explained below. 

===Notable Decorated Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 27,31.</ref>===
*Lichfield Cathedral - The original cathedral on the Lichfield site was of Anglo-saxon design in 700. In 1066, the Normans built a new cathedral in their Norman architecture. In 1340, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Gothic style.<ref>Lichfield Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
*Exeter Cathedral - In 1050, a cathedral of Anglo-saxon design was built at the Exeter site. In 1114, work began on a new cathedral of Norman design which began use in 1133. In 1270, parts of the existing Norman structure were demolished for construction to begin on the Decorated Gothic cathedral which was completed in 1342.<ref>History of Exeter Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/_assets/Education/141107%20A%20History%20of%20Exeter%20Cathedral.pdf]</ref>
*York Cathedral - Originally on the site there were several Anglo-saxon churches over time which were replaced when the Normans invaded. In 1080 construction began on the Norman church. In 1170, the Quire was replaced and a pair of towers were built. In 1220, the building expanded even further with the addition of two Transepts in the Early English style. In 1291, the Nave was replaced with one in the Decorated Gothic style. In 1394, the Quire was again replaced, this time with the Perpendicular style.<ref>York Minster short history. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://yorkminster.org/geisha/assets/files/1%20A%20short%20history%20until%201472(1).pdf]</ref>
 

==Perpendicular Gothic==
[[File:archComp.png|thumb|right|300px|Pointed Arch vs. Four-centered Arch<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref>]]
Perpendicular Gothic, also known as the Rectilinear Period, followed directly after the Decorated Gothic period. It began in 1360 and lasted until 1550.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> It was thought that the simplification introduced, compared to the Decorated Gothic style, was due to the Black Plague and its effects on the labor force in England. This idea was proven incorrect with Gloucester Abbey's south window and Old St. Paul's cloister remains. One idea as to why decorations were scaled back was that it was for cutting costs, but that is just a possible reason and the real reason may never be known.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 17.</ref> 

This style, Perpendicular, belonged to the Gothic style and utilized pointed arches extensively. Perpendicular built upon the Decorated Gothic style in some aspects, and scaled back in others. A key area of scaling back occurred with the reduced tracery of the windows, while Perpendicular kept the large windows. One of the main differences that was introduced was an emphasis on vertical lines, especially the [[mullions]] of the windows, which were thinner than previously used ones.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 27-28.</ref> Commonly crossing the mullions in Perpendicular are transoms, a horizontal crossbar in a window.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6,33.</ref> A change to the arch also came with this new style. The pointed arch gave way to a slightly flatter arch called the four-centered arch. This new arch was utilized alongside the existing pointed arch in the Perpendicular style. [[Vaulting]] was also expanded with this period and became more complex than previous styles; during this period it was know as [[Vaulting | fan vaulting]]. Overall this style was not a revolution but an evolution, building upon the previous Gothic styles.



===Notable Perpendicular Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 36-37.</ref>===
*Winchester Cathedral - The Winchester Cathedral has had many styles added to it throughout the years. The original building was of Norman architecture built in 1079, while the crypt and transepts are all that remain of this building. In the early 1200s, an Early English retrochoir was built at the east end. In the 1300s, the Norman presbytery was replaced with a Decorated Gothic design. Finally, the Nave during the 1300s and 1400s was replaced with the Perpendicular Gothic style.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
*Westminster Abbey - In 1065, a church of Norman architecture was built. Work began in 1220 to replace the church but funds were not available. When funds were gathered by 1272, work on the Quire and a small part of the Nave were completed in the Decorated Gothic style. Funds again ran out and were not gathered until the end of the 14th century. To have architectural unity the design was continued, although slightly modified, for the rest of the Nave. In 1503, construction began on the Henry VII chapel using the Perpendicular style and was completed in 1519, replacing the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
*Manchester Cathedral - The original building was an Anglo-saxon church from 700. In 1215, the church was rebuilt in the Norman style adjacent to the original site. In 1422, the Quire was rebuilt in the Perpendicular Gothic style. In 1465, the Nave was then rebuilt in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Manchester Cathedral Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
 
For my Deliverable I utilized my background information about the Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothicstyles to compare the different styles found within the same church/cathedral. As the architectural eras overlap and buildings are added onto or partially rebuilt, multiple styles are found within the same structure. Below I utilize photos taken of the buildings to illustrate those differences of styles. I traveled to the churches/cathedrals and took most of the photos myself, but some locations do not allow photos inside due to them being a working church so they are the official photos from the church/cathedral.
 

==Winchester Cathedral==
===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanArch.JPG | Norman
Image: decArch.JPG | Decorated Gothic
Image: perArch.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, in the Norman section of Winchester Cathedral, the arches consist of the semi-circular design, which is a characteristic of this style. This is in contrast to the distinctly pointed arches that are found in the Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic sections of the Cathedral. The Decorated Arches were found in the presbytery which had a remodel commissioned by Bishop Henry Woodcock in the 1300s. The Perpendicular Arches, found in the Nave, were designed by William Wynford and were completed under the guidance of several Bishops in the 14th and 15th Centuries.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: normanRoof.jpg| Norman
Image: decoratedRoof.JPG | Decorated Gothic
</gallery>
In the North Transept of the Cathedral, the Norman style vaulting was a flat wood surface as can be seen above. This was a part of the original cathedral commissioned by Bishop Walkelin in 1079. In the presbytery, built in the Decorated Gothic style, the breathtaking Lierne Vaulting can be found. The liernes connecting the larger ribs and eloquently carved bosses at the intersection of the ribs are distinct and unique to this style. Bishop Henry Woodcock commissioned this presbytery to be built in the 1300s.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanWindow.jpg | Norman
Image: perWindow.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, there is quite a stark contrast between the window design of the Norman and Perpendicular Gothic styles. The Norman window, found in the North Transept, is quite small compared to the massive Perpendicular window. At the top of the Norman window the semi-circular arch that is found throughout the style, that was used in 1079 when it was built, is visible, this is in contrast to the pointed arch, located in the Nave, that is found at the top of the Perpendicular window. Also noticeable is the mullions that run top to bottom of the very tall Perpendicular window, crossed by the transoms.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
 

==Westminster Abbey==

===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=270p>
Image: westminsterArch.JPG|Decorated Gothic
Image: fourCenteredArch.JPG|Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, the Decorated Gothic Nave of Westminster Abbey utilizes the pointed arch for its windows. This section's building in of the Abbey in 1220 was overseen by Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley, but work had to stop because of a lack of funds. In 1272, Abbot Nicholas Litlyngton continued the structure using the original designs when more money became available. In contrast to this, the Perpendicular Henry VII chapel utilizes the four-centered arch in its design. The four-centered arch is a slightly flatter arch and a design sketch of the differences can be found in the Perpendicular background section. This section of the Abbey was built between 1503 and 1519, designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: westminsterWindowRound.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: gothicWindow6.JPG| Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
In the Decorated style, circles were used extensively. The large circular window seen above was located in the North transept of Westminster Abbey, part of the Decorated style section. This section was completed in 1269 after having been overseen by master masons Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley. The Perpendicular style window, located in the Henry VII chapel, uses large vertical windows with thin mullions and transoms. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519 to replace the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=260p>
Image: vaultingD.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: Henry-VII-chapel-vault.jpg|Perpendicular Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
</gallery>
During the Decorated Gothic style period, ribbed vaults were the style of vaulting that was used. The Vaulting seen above is from the west section of the Nave that was built in 1272. In contrast to that, the Perpendicular style used Fan vaulting. This fan vaulting located in the Henry VII chapel was significantly more complex in its radiating pattern as can be seen in the images above. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 
 

=Conclusion=
 
Overall, this project has provided a background of three distinct architectural styles, Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. The background described many of the distinct qualities of each style. Some of these included arch style, amount of decorative elements, and [[Vaulting]]. The Deliverable took these differences and illustrated them through photographs of a building that had multiple styles present. As this study only included styles up until the mid 1500s a future project would be studying styles moving forward into the 1600s and beyond.

 

=References=
<references />

 

[[Category:Art Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Cathedral Architecture

2017-06-22T12:06:05Z

Nbjohnson: /* Westminster Abbey */

=Cathedral Architecture=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

{{Infobox
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:lichfieldCath.jpg|x450px]]
|caption = Lichfield Cathedral <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/gallery]</ref>
|label2 = '''Established'''
|data2 = 1340 <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Our History. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
}}
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This project was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes each of Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles unique, the photos that I have taken are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles found within the same building. This area of study is something different for me as I have only taken the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI which is History, none in Art or Architecture. My major takeaway from this milestone is the effort put forth by the architects and builders who so eloquently decorated these churches/cathedrals for all to see. The detail is just incredible to see and cannot be found just anywhere.

 

=Introduction=
 
This project covers what makes each architectural style chosen unique and then illustrates the differences between the styles found within the same building through photographs. The three styles chosen were European and English while at the same time having unique aspects to differentiate them. The three that I chose to examine were Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. It is important to show the different styles and what makes them distinct while also observing how each one influences the others. As new Bishops wanted to make their mark on the church/cathedral or sometimes portions were damaged in a war, multiple styles were included in a single building. This presents a unique look at the different styles within the same structure and interested me enough to research for my deliverable. This was my first immersive experience in architecture so it was a learning experience along the way.
 

=Section 1: Background=
 

==Norman==

Norman Architecture is a subcategory of the Romanesque style along with Anglo-Saxon. The Anglo-Saxon period came to an end in England when The Normans attacked in 1066 from western Europe.<ref>Fernie, E (2000). "The Architecture of Norman England". Oxford University Press, pp.11</ref> The key item that made both of these belong to Romanesque was the semi-circular arch. These semi-circular arches were used in doorways, window frames, [[Vaulting|vaults]], and [[arcade|arcades]]. Previously, the Anglo-Saxon churches were tall, narrow buildings with quite thin walls, but this changed with the Norman style. The Norman style was built in contrast to this with the churches being built with a wide base and the thick walls.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref>
 
[[File:archDesign.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Arch Design<ref>Thisiscarpentry.com. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [http://tic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Parts-of-an-Arch1_1.jpg]</ref>]]
Norman Architecture began in approximately 1060 and roughly lasted through the year 1190.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> These years are an estimate that is widely accepted as there is always overlap in changing styles. The Norman style took many cues from the Romans to include in their style. The main one being the semi-circular arch and its design. The semi-circular arch at its time was revolutionary, as it was able to suspend massive loads over an open area. This was due to its design which included several key parts, voussoirs and the key-stone. The voussoirs were the wedge shaped stones that made up the arch passing the load to the next outer stone. The key-stone is the central stone in the arch and locks all the stones of the structure into place.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref> In addition to the semi-circular arches, some of the key characteristics included in Norman architecture were large cylindrical pillars, [[vaulting]] and small windows.<ref>English Heritage. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2017, from [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval-part-1/architecture/]</ref> The windows in Norman churches were quite small, so to allow the maximum amount of light through them a distinctive technique was used. This technique is known as splaying, which is where the inside or outside of the window is wider than the middle of the window.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> Another characteristic, [[vaulting]], when used, was sometimes made of wood but, was usually made of stone. When it was made of wood the vaulting was quite flat. When stone was utilized, it was constructed in a round arch shape. <ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> As the year 1200 approached, the semi-circular arch gave way to the pointed arch which began the Gothic style and marked an end for the Romanesque style.

===Notable Norman Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 15.</ref>===
* Rochester Cathedral - The second oldest cathedral in England, having been founded in 604. The Nave, parts of the crypt and facades were built in the Norman architecture. Later additions to the cathedral because of fire damage were made in the Gothic style which included the Quire and the roof of the Nave.<ref>Rochester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.rochestercathedral.org/history]</ref>
*St. John's Chapel at The White Tower - St. John's Chapel was built inside the White Tower and because of this is very well preserved with no remodeling like many of the other cathedrals. The only major change is the loss of paint on the walls. It was built during the overlap of the Anglo-saxon period and the Norman period. As it was finished during the Norman period it exhibits more Norman architecture than Anglo-saxon.<ref>Palaces, H. R. (n.d.). The Chapel of St. John's. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from [http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/discover-the-towers/the-chapel-of-st-johns/]</ref>
*Gloucester Cathedral - The site originally was an Anglo-saxon religious house that was built in 678, but was removed for the new Norman abbey that began construction in 1089. In 1327, the east end was remodeled in the Perpendicular style. In the 1400s, the west end, south porch, and tower were remodeled also in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Gloucester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-history/]</ref>
 

==Decorated Gothic==

Decorated Gothic is a subcategory of the Gothic style along with Perpendicular and Early English. The Gothic style's key element that united them was the pointed arch. This large transformation from the semi-circular arch to the pointed arch began around 1200 but the Decorated Gothic style began in 1250 with the addition of several key modifications and lasted until 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> This style also has been divided into two subcategories known as Geometric and Curvilinear. Geometric spanned from 1250 to 1315, while Curvilinear covered 1315 to 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> The Geometric period was focused on the circle which was mainly used in the tracery, stonework elements that supported the glass, but could also be found elsewhere. The Curvilinear period reduced or stopped its use of the circle, but introduced the [[Ogee]] and used it extensively.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 29.</ref>
 
[[File:lierneVault.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Lierne Vault at Ely Cathedral<ref>Bony, J. (1979). The English Decorated Style. Phaidon Press Limited. pp. 283.</ref>]]
[[File:ballflower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ball Flower<ref>Ball-flower. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37683/37683-h/images/image0022.png]</ref>]]
As Gothic Architecture evolved, distinctive patterns began to emerge. In regards to the Decorated style, as the name suggests, it involved extensive use of decorative elements. Several of these distinctive elements that made up the Decorated Gothic style include windows with [[mullions]], elegant tracery of the very large windows including [[foil|trefoils]] and [[foil|quatrefoils]], and [[Vaulting|vault ribbing]].<ref>Bony, J (1979). "The English Decorated Style: Gothic Architecture Transformed". Cornell University Press</ref> Compared to the previous Early English period the large windows became wider in proportion to their height.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Later decorated styles expanded upon the ribbed vaulting by adding small ribs called liernes between other ribs. The architects formed geometrical shapes with these liernes that kept with the style.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 36.</ref> At the intersection of these ribs bosses, elaborately carved ornaments, began to be used here in the Decorated period.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Another important decorative element that added to the aesthetic was the ball flower.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> The ball flower was a partially opened flower carved into a sphere. All of these distinctive elements accumulated to make the Decorated Gothic style which created some amazing buildings, but as time went on the Decorated style gave way to the Perpendicular style which is explained below. 

===Notable Decorated Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 27,31.</ref>===
*Lichfield Cathedral - The original cathedral on the Lichfield site was of Anglo-saxon design in 700. In 1066, the Normans built a new cathedral in their Norman architecture. In 1340, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Gothic style.<ref>Lichfield Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
*Exeter Cathedral - In 1050, a cathedral of Anglo-saxon design was built at the Exeter site. In 1114, work began on a new cathedral of Norman design which began use in 1133. In 1270, parts of the existing Norman structure were demolished for construction to begin on the Decorated Gothic cathedral which was completed in 1342.<ref>History of Exeter Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/_assets/Education/141107%20A%20History%20of%20Exeter%20Cathedral.pdf]</ref>
*York Cathedral - Originally on the site there were several Anglo-saxon churches over time which were replaced when the Normans invaded. In 1080 construction began on the Norman church. In 1170, the Quire was replaced and a pair of towers were built. In 1220, the building expanded even further with the addition of two Transepts in the Early English style. In 1291, the Nave was replaced with one in the Decorated Gothic style. In 1394, the Quire was again replaced, this time with the Perpendicular style.<ref>York Minster short history. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://yorkminster.org/geisha/assets/files/1%20A%20short%20history%20until%201472(1).pdf]</ref>
 

==Perpendicular Gothic==
[[File:archComp.png|thumb|right|300px|Pointed Arch vs. Four-centered Arch<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref>]]
Perpendicular Gothic, also known as the Rectilinear Period, followed directly after the Decorated Gothic period. It began in 1360 and lasted until 1550.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> It was thought that the simplification introduced, compared to the Decorated Gothic style, was due to the Black Plague and its effects on the labor force in England. This idea was proven incorrect with Gloucester Abbey's south window and Old St. Paul's cloister remains. One idea as to why decorations were scaled back was that it was for cutting costs, but that is just a possible reason and the real reason may never be known.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 17.</ref> 

This style, Perpendicular, belonged to the Gothic style and utilized pointed arches extensively. Perpendicular built upon the Decorated Gothic style in some aspects, and scaled back in others. A key area of scaling back occurred with the reduced tracery of the windows, while Perpendicular kept the large windows. One of the main differences that was introduced was an emphasis on vertical lines, especially the [[mullions]] of the windows, which were thinner than previously used ones.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 27-28.</ref> Commonly crossing the mullions in Perpendicular are transoms, a horizontal crossbar in a window.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6,33.</ref> A change to the arch also came with this new style. The pointed arch gave way to a slightly flatter arch called the four-centered arch. This new arch was utilized alongside the existing pointed arch in the Perpendicular style. [[Vaulting]] was also expanded with this period and became more complex than previous styles; during this period it was know as [[Vaulting | fan vaulting]]. Overall this style was not a revolution but an evolution, building upon the previous Gothic styles.



===Notable Perpendicular Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 36-37.</ref>===
*Winchester Cathedral - The Winchester Cathedral has had many styles added to it throughout the years. The original building was of Norman architecture built in 1079, while the crypt and transepts are all that remain of this building. In the early 1200s, an Early English retrochoir was built at the east end. In the 1300s, the Norman presbytery was replaced with a Decorated Gothic design. Finally, the Nave during the 1300s and 1400s was replaced with the Perpendicular Gothic style.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
*Westminster Abbey - In 1065, a church of Norman architecture was built. Work began in 1220 to replace the church but funds were not available. When funds were gathered by 1272, work on the Quire and a small part of the Nave were completed in the Decorated Gothic style. Funds again ran out and were not gathered until the end of the 14th century. To have architectural unity the design was continued, although slightly modified, for the rest of the Nave. In 1503, construction began on the Henry VII chapel using the Perpendicular style and was completed in 1519, replacing the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
*Manchester Cathedral - The original building was an Anglo-saxon church from 700. In 1215, the church was rebuilt in the Norman style adjacent to the original site. In 1422, the Quire was rebuilt in the Perpendicular Gothic style. In 1465, the Nave was then rebuilt in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Manchester Cathedral Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
 
For my Deliverable I utilized my background information about the Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothicstyles to compare the different styles found within the same church/cathedral. As the architectural eras overlap and buildings are added onto or partially rebuilt, multiple styles are found within the same structure. Below I utilize photos taken of the buildings to illustrate those differences of styles. I traveled to the churches/cathedrals and took most of the photos myself, but some locations do not allow photos inside due to them being a working church so they are the official photos from the church/cathedral.
 

==Winchester Cathedral==
===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanArch.JPG | Norman
Image: decArch.JPG | Decorated Gothic
Image: perArch.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, in the Norman section of Winchester Cathedral, the arches consist of the semi-circular design, which is a characteristic of this style. This is in contrast to the distinctly pointed arches that are found in the Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic sections of the Cathedral. The Decorated Arches were found in the presbytery which had a remodel commissioned by Bishop Henry Woodcock in the 1300s. The Perpendicular Arches, found in the Nave, were designed by William Wynford and were completed under the guidance of several Bishops in the 14th and 15th Centuries.
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: normanRoof.jpg| Norman
Image: decoratedRoof.JPG | Decorated Gothic
</gallery>
In the North Transept of the Cathedral, the Norman style vaulting was a flat wood surface as can be seen above. This was a part of the original cathedral commissioned by Bishop Walkelin in 1079. In the presbytery, built in the Decorated Gothic style, the breathtaking Lierne Vaulting can be found. The liernes connecting the larger ribs and eloquently carved bosses at the intersection of the ribs are distinct and unique to this style. Bishop Henry Woodcock commissioned this presbytery to be built in the 1300s.
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanWindow.jpg | Norman
Image: perWindow.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, there is quite a stark contrast between the window design of the Norman and Perpendicular Gothic styles. The Norman window, found in the North Transept, is quite small compared to the massive Perpendicular window. At the top of the Norman window the semi-circular arch that is found throughout the style, that was used in 1079 when it was built, is visible, this is in contrast to the pointed arch, located in the Nave, that is found at the top of the Perpendicular window. Also noticeable is the mullions that run top to bottom of the very tall Perpendicular window, crossed by the transoms.
 

==Westminster Abbey==

===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=270p>
Image: westminsterArch.JPG|Decorated Gothic
Image: fourCenteredArch.JPG|Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, the Decorated Gothic Nave of Westminster Abbey utilizes the pointed arch for its windows. This section's building in of the Abbey in 1220 was overseen by Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley, but work had to stop because of a lack of funds. In 1272, Abbot Nicholas Litlyngton continued the structure using the original designs when more money became available. In contrast to this, the Perpendicular Henry VII chapel utilizes the four-centered arch in its design. The four-centered arch is a slightly flatter arch and a design sketch of the differences can be found in the Perpendicular background section. This section of the Abbey was built between 1503 and 1519, designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: westminsterWindowRound.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: gothicWindow6.JPG| Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
In the Decorated style, circles were used extensively. The large circular window seen above was located in the North transept of Westminster Abbey, part of the Decorated style section. This section was completed in 1269 after having been overseen by master masons Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley. The Perpendicular style window, located in the Henry VII chapel, uses large vertical windows with thin mullions and transoms. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519 to replace the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=260p>
Image: vaultingD.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: Henry-VII-chapel-vault.jpg|Perpendicular Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
</gallery>
During the Decorated Gothic style period, ribbed vaults were the style of vaulting that was used. The Vaulting seen above is from the west section of the Nave that was built in 1272. In contrast to that, the Perpendicular style used Fan vaulting. This fan vaulting located in the Henry VII chapel was significantly more complex in its radiating pattern as can be seen in the images above. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 
 

=Conclusion=
 
Overall, this project has provided a background of three distinct architectural styles, Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. The background described many of the distinct qualities of each style. Some of these included arch style, amount of decorative elements, and [[Vaulting]]. The Deliverable took these differences and illustrated them through photographs of a building that had multiple styles present. As this study only included styles up until the mid 1500s a future project would be studying styles moving forward into the 1600s and beyond.

 

=References=
<references />

 

[[Category:Art Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]

Cathedral Architecture

2017-06-22T12:05:31Z

Nbjohnson: /* Vaulting */

=Cathedral Architecture=
by [[User:nbjohnson|Nicholas Johnson]] 

{{Infobox
|bodystyle = width:25em
|image = [[File:lichfieldCath.jpg|x450px]]
|caption = Lichfield Cathedral <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/gallery]</ref>
|label2 = '''Established'''
|data2 = 1340 <ref>Lichfield Cathedral: Our History. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from [http://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
}}
__TOC__

=Abstract=
This project was about the styles of the many churches around the country. I visited several of these to get a first person experience of them and photos. After outlining what makes each of Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic styles unique, the photos that I have taken are then the basis for illustrating those differences between the styles found within the same building. This area of study is something different for me as I have only taken the 20th Century American Foreign Relations course at WPI which is History, none in Art or Architecture. My major takeaway from this milestone is the effort put forth by the architects and builders who so eloquently decorated these churches/cathedrals for all to see. The detail is just incredible to see and cannot be found just anywhere.

 

=Introduction=
 
This project covers what makes each architectural style chosen unique and then illustrates the differences between the styles found within the same building through photographs. The three styles chosen were European and English while at the same time having unique aspects to differentiate them. The three that I chose to examine were Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. It is important to show the different styles and what makes them distinct while also observing how each one influences the others. As new Bishops wanted to make their mark on the church/cathedral or sometimes portions were damaged in a war, multiple styles were included in a single building. This presents a unique look at the different styles within the same structure and interested me enough to research for my deliverable. This was my first immersive experience in architecture so it was a learning experience along the way.
 

=Section 1: Background=
 

==Norman==

Norman Architecture is a subcategory of the Romanesque style along with Anglo-Saxon. The Anglo-Saxon period came to an end in England when The Normans attacked in 1066 from western Europe.<ref>Fernie, E (2000). "The Architecture of Norman England". Oxford University Press, pp.11</ref> The key item that made both of these belong to Romanesque was the semi-circular arch. These semi-circular arches were used in doorways, window frames, [[Vaulting|vaults]], and [[arcade|arcades]]. Previously, the Anglo-Saxon churches were tall, narrow buildings with quite thin walls, but this changed with the Norman style. The Norman style was built in contrast to this with the churches being built with a wide base and the thick walls.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref>
 
[[File:archDesign.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Arch Design<ref>Thisiscarpentry.com. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [http://tic.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Parts-of-an-Arch1_1.jpg]</ref>]]
Norman Architecture began in approximately 1060 and roughly lasted through the year 1190.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> These years are an estimate that is widely accepted as there is always overlap in changing styles. The Norman style took many cues from the Romans to include in their style. The main one being the semi-circular arch and its design. The semi-circular arch at its time was revolutionary, as it was able to suspend massive loads over an open area. This was due to its design which included several key parts, voussoirs and the key-stone. The voussoirs were the wedge shaped stones that made up the arch passing the load to the next outer stone. The key-stone is the central stone in the arch and locks all the stones of the structure into place.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref> In addition to the semi-circular arches, some of the key characteristics included in Norman architecture were large cylindrical pillars, [[vaulting]] and small windows.<ref>English Heritage. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11, 2017, from [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval-part-1/architecture/]</ref> The windows in Norman churches were quite small, so to allow the maximum amount of light through them a distinctive technique was used. This technique is known as splaying, which is where the inside or outside of the window is wider than the middle of the window.<ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> Another characteristic, [[vaulting]], when used, was sometimes made of wood but, was usually made of stone. When it was made of wood the vaulting was quite flat. When stone was utilized, it was constructed in a round arch shape. <ref>UWDC Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from [https://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/arts/normanchurches/]</ref> As the year 1200 approached, the semi-circular arch gave way to the pointed arch which began the Gothic style and marked an end for the Romanesque style.

===Notable Norman Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 15.</ref>===
* Rochester Cathedral - The second oldest cathedral in England, having been founded in 604. The Nave, parts of the crypt and facades were built in the Norman architecture. Later additions to the cathedral because of fire damage were made in the Gothic style which included the Quire and the roof of the Nave.<ref>Rochester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.rochestercathedral.org/history]</ref>
*St. John's Chapel at The White Tower - St. John's Chapel was built inside the White Tower and because of this is very well preserved with no remodeling like many of the other cathedrals. The only major change is the loss of paint on the walls. It was built during the overlap of the Anglo-saxon period and the Norman period. As it was finished during the Norman period it exhibits more Norman architecture than Anglo-saxon.<ref>Palaces, H. R. (n.d.). The Chapel of St. John's. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from [http://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/discover-the-towers/the-chapel-of-st-johns/]</ref>
*Gloucester Cathedral - The site originally was an Anglo-saxon religious house that was built in 678, but was removed for the new Norman abbey that began construction in 1089. In 1327, the east end was remodeled in the Perpendicular style. In the 1400s, the west end, south porch, and tower were remodeled also in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Gloucester Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.gloucestercathedral.org.uk/history-heritage/cathedral-history/]</ref>
 

==Decorated Gothic==

Decorated Gothic is a subcategory of the Gothic style along with Perpendicular and Early English. The Gothic style's key element that united them was the pointed arch. This large transformation from the semi-circular arch to the pointed arch began around 1200 but the Decorated Gothic style began in 1250 with the addition of several key modifications and lasted until 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> This style also has been divided into two subcategories known as Geometric and Curvilinear. Geometric spanned from 1250 to 1315, while Curvilinear covered 1315 to 1360.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> The Geometric period was focused on the circle which was mainly used in the tracery, stonework elements that supported the glass, but could also be found elsewhere. The Curvilinear period reduced or stopped its use of the circle, but introduced the [[Ogee]] and used it extensively.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 29.</ref>
 
[[File:lierneVault.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Lierne Vault at Ely Cathedral<ref>Bony, J. (1979). The English Decorated Style. Phaidon Press Limited. pp. 283.</ref>]]
[[File:ballflower.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Ball Flower<ref>Ball-flower. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2017, from [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37683/37683-h/images/image0022.png]</ref>]]
As Gothic Architecture evolved, distinctive patterns began to emerge. In regards to the Decorated style, as the name suggests, it involved extensive use of decorative elements. Several of these distinctive elements that made up the Decorated Gothic style include windows with [[mullions]], elegant tracery of the very large windows including [[foil|trefoils]] and [[foil|quatrefoils]], and [[Vaulting|vault ribbing]].<ref>Bony, J (1979). "The English Decorated Style: Gothic Architecture Transformed". Cornell University Press</ref> Compared to the previous Early English period the large windows became wider in proportion to their height.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Later decorated styles expanded upon the ribbed vaulting by adding small ribs called liernes between other ribs. The architects formed geometrical shapes with these liernes that kept with the style.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 36.</ref> At the intersection of these ribs bosses, elaborately carved ornaments, began to be used here in the Decorated period.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> Another important decorative element that added to the aesthetic was the ball flower.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6.</ref> The ball flower was a partially opened flower carved into a sphere. All of these distinctive elements accumulated to make the Decorated Gothic style which created some amazing buildings, but as time went on the Decorated style gave way to the Perpendicular style which is explained below. 

===Notable Decorated Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 27,31.</ref>===
*Lichfield Cathedral - The original cathedral on the Lichfield site was of Anglo-saxon design in 700. In 1066, the Normans built a new cathedral in their Norman architecture. In 1340, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Gothic style.<ref>Lichfield Cathedral History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/about-us/history]</ref>
*Exeter Cathedral - In 1050, a cathedral of Anglo-saxon design was built at the Exeter site. In 1114, work began on a new cathedral of Norman design which began use in 1133. In 1270, parts of the existing Norman structure were demolished for construction to begin on the Decorated Gothic cathedral which was completed in 1342.<ref>History of Exeter Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/_assets/Education/141107%20A%20History%20of%20Exeter%20Cathedral.pdf]</ref>
*York Cathedral - Originally on the site there were several Anglo-saxon churches over time which were replaced when the Normans invaded. In 1080 construction began on the Norman church. In 1170, the Quire was replaced and a pair of towers were built. In 1220, the building expanded even further with the addition of two Transepts in the Early English style. In 1291, the Nave was replaced with one in the Decorated Gothic style. In 1394, the Quire was again replaced, this time with the Perpendicular style.<ref>York Minster short history. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [https://yorkminster.org/geisha/assets/files/1%20A%20short%20history%20until%201472(1).pdf]</ref>
 

==Perpendicular Gothic==
[[File:archComp.png|thumb|right|300px|Pointed Arch vs. Four-centered Arch<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 11.</ref>]]
Perpendicular Gothic, also known as the Rectilinear Period, followed directly after the Decorated Gothic period. It began in 1360 and lasted until 1550.<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 39.</ref> It was thought that the simplification introduced, compared to the Decorated Gothic style, was due to the Black Plague and its effects on the labor force in England. This idea was proven incorrect with Gloucester Abbey's south window and Old St. Paul's cloister remains. One idea as to why decorations were scaled back was that it was for cutting costs, but that is just a possible reason and the real reason may never be known.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 17.</ref> 

This style, Perpendicular, belonged to the Gothic style and utilized pointed arches extensively. Perpendicular built upon the Decorated Gothic style in some aspects, and scaled back in others. A key area of scaling back occurred with the reduced tracery of the windows, while Perpendicular kept the large windows. One of the main differences that was introduced was an emphasis on vertical lines, especially the [[mullions]] of the windows, which were thinner than previously used ones.<ref>Harvet, J (1978). "The Perpendicular Style". B.T. Batsford LTD., pp. 27-28.</ref> Commonly crossing the mullions in Perpendicular are transoms, a horizontal crossbar in a window.<ref>Gardner, S (1925). "A Guide to English Gothic Architecture". Cambridge University Press, pp. 6,33.</ref> A change to the arch also came with this new style. The pointed arch gave way to a slightly flatter arch called the four-centered arch. This new arch was utilized alongside the existing pointed arch in the Perpendicular style. [[Vaulting]] was also expanded with this period and became more complex than previous styles; during this period it was know as [[Vaulting | fan vaulting]]. Overall this style was not a revolution but an evolution, building upon the previous Gothic styles.



===Notable Perpendicular Gothic Style Cathedrals/Chapels and their History<ref>Sharpe, E (1871). "The Seven Periods of English Architecture Defined and Illustrated". E. and F. N. Spon, pp. 36-37.</ref>===
*Winchester Cathedral - The Winchester Cathedral has had many styles added to it throughout the years. The original building was of Norman architecture built in 1079, while the crypt and transepts are all that remain of this building. In the early 1200s, an Early English retrochoir was built at the east end. In the 1300s, the Norman presbytery was replaced with a Decorated Gothic design. Finally, the Nave during the 1300s and 1400s was replaced with the Perpendicular Gothic style.<ref>Winchester Cathedral - Building the Cathedral. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.winchester-cathedral.org.uk/our-heritage/our-history/building-the-cathedral/]</ref>
*Westminster Abbey - In 1065, a church of Norman architecture was built. Work began in 1220 to replace the church but funds were not available. When funds were gathered by 1272, work on the Quire and a small part of the Nave were completed in the Decorated Gothic style. Funds again ran out and were not gathered until the end of the 14th century. To have architectural unity the design was continued, although slightly modified, for the rest of the Nave. In 1503, construction began on the Henry VII chapel using the Perpendicular style and was completed in 1519, replacing the 13th century chapel.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
*Manchester Cathedral - The original building was an Anglo-saxon church from 700. In 1215, the church was rebuilt in the Norman style adjacent to the original site. In 1422, the Quire was rebuilt in the Perpendicular Gothic style. In 1465, the Nave was then rebuilt in the Perpendicular style.<ref>Manchester Cathedral Timeline. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline]</ref>
 

=Section 2: Deliverable=
 
For my Deliverable I utilized my background information about the Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothicstyles to compare the different styles found within the same church/cathedral. As the architectural eras overlap and buildings are added onto or partially rebuilt, multiple styles are found within the same structure. Below I utilize photos taken of the buildings to illustrate those differences of styles. I traveled to the churches/cathedrals and took most of the photos myself, but some locations do not allow photos inside due to them being a working church so they are the official photos from the church/cathedral.
 

==Winchester Cathedral==
===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanArch.JPG | Norman
Image: decArch.JPG | Decorated Gothic
Image: perArch.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, in the Norman section of Winchester Cathedral, the arches consist of the semi-circular design, which is a characteristic of this style. This is in contrast to the distinctly pointed arches that are found in the Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic sections of the Cathedral. The Decorated Arches were found in the presbytery which had a remodel commissioned by Bishop Henry Woodcock in the 1300s. The Perpendicular Arches, found in the Nave, were designed by William Wynford and were completed under the guidance of several Bishops in the 14th and 15th Centuries.
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: normanRoof.jpg| Norman
Image: decoratedRoof.JPG | Decorated Gothic
</gallery>
In the North Transept of the Cathedral, the Norman style vaulting was a flat wood surface as can be seen above. This was a part of the original cathedral commissioned by Bishop Walkelin in 1079. In the presbytery, built in the Decorated Gothic style, the breathtaking Lierne Vaulting can be found. The liernes connecting the larger ribs and eloquently carved bosses at the intersection of the ribs are distinct and unique to this style. Bishop Henry Woodcock commissioned this presbytery to be built in the 1300s.
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=250p>
Image: normanWindow.jpg | Norman
Image: perWindow.JPG | Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, there is quite a stark contrast between the window design of the Norman and Perpendicular Gothic styles. The Norman window, found in the North Transept, is quite small compared to the massive Perpendicular window. At the top of the Norman window the semi-circular arch that is found throughout the style, that was used in 1079 when it was built, is visible, this is in contrast to the pointed arch, located in the Nave, that is found at the top of the Perpendicular window. Also noticeable is the mullions that run top to bottom of the very tall Perpendicular window, crossed by the transoms.
 

==Westminster Abbey==

===Arch Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=270p>
Image: westminsterArch.JPG|Decorated Gothic
Image: fourCenteredArch.JPG|Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
As can be seen above, the Decorated Gothic Nave of Westminster Abbey utilizes the pointed arch for its windows. This section's building in of the Abbey in 1220 was overseen by Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley, but work had to stop because of a lack of funds. In 1272, Abbot Nicholas Litlyngton continued the structure using the original designs when more money became available. In contrast to this, the Perpendicular Henry VII chapel utilizes the four-centered arch in its design. The four-centered arch is a slightly flatter arch and a design sketch of the differences can be found in the Perpendicular background section. This section of the Abbey was built between 1503 and 1519, designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue.
 

===Window Design===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=300p>
Image: westminsterWindowRound.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: gothicWindow6.JPG| Perpendicular Gothic
</gallery>
In the Decorated style, circles were used extensively. The large circular window seen above was located in the North transept of Westminster Abbey, part of the Decorated style section. This section was completed in 1269 after having been overseen by master masons Henry of Reyns, John of Gloucester and Robert of Beverley. The Perpendicular style window, located in the Henry VII chapel, uses large vertical windows with thin mullions and transoms. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519 to replace the 13th century chapel.
 

===Vaulting===
<gallery mode="packed" heights=260p>
Image: vaultingD.jpg|Decorated Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
Image: Henry-VII-chapel-vault.jpg|Perpendicular Gothic<ref>Westminster Abbey Picture Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/visit-us/picture-gallery]</ref>
</gallery>
During the Decorated Gothic style period, ribbed vaults were the style of vaulting that was used. The Vaulting seen above is from the west section of the Nave that was built in 1272. In contrast to that, the Perpendicular style used Fan vaulting. This fan vaulting located in the Henry VII chapel was significantly more complex in its radiating pattern as can be seen in the images above. This section of the Abbey was designed by Robert Janyns and William Vertue, and built between 1503 and 1519.<ref>Westminster Abbey Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/architecture]</ref>
 
 

=Conclusion=
 
Overall, this project has provided a background of three distinct architectural styles, Norman, Decorated Gothic, and Perpendicular Gothic. The background described many of the distinct qualities of each style. Some of these included arch style, amount of decorative elements, and [[Vaulting]]. The Deliverable took these differences and illustrated them through photographs of a building that had multiple styles present. As this study only included styles up until the mid 1500s a future project would be studying styles moving forward into the 1600s and beyond.

 

=References=
<references />

 

[[Category:Art Projects]]
[[Category:2017]]