London's Architectual Preservation of History - Revision history

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Crfawcett: /* London's Architectual Preservation of History */

2017-06-21T12:44:30Z

‎London's Architectual Preservation of History

Crfawcett: /* Saint Paul's Cathedral */

2017-06-21T10:46:37Z

‎Saint Paul's Cathedral

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2017-06-21T10:41:11Z

‎White Tower

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2017-06-21T10:29:16Z

‎Saint Paul's Cathedral

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2017-06-21T10:27:34Z

‎Saint Paul's Cathedral

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2017-06-21T10:27:34Z

‎Saint Paul's Cathedral

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2017-06-21T10:24:13Z

‎Saint Paul's Cathedral

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2017-06-21T10:18:54Z

‎White Tower

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:44, 21 June 2017
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−	=London's ~~Architectual~~ Preservation of History=	+	=London's Architectural Preservation of History=
	by [[User:crfawcett\|Cole Fawcett]]<br>		by [[User:crfawcett\|Cole Fawcett]]<br>

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 ===Saint Paul's Cathedral===
 [[File: Saint Paul's South Transept.JPG|Saint Paul's South Transept]]
-[[File: Photogrammetric Survey of Saint Paul's Cathedral's South Transept's South Wall.png|Saint Paul's Cathedral's South Transept's South Wall with color coded mark ups of pieces replaced or repaired dating back 300 years.]]<ref>Schofield, J (2016). St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4.</ref><br>
+[[File: Photogrammetric Survey of Saint Paul's Cathedral's South Transept's South Wall.png|Saint Paul's Cathedral's South Transept's South Wall with color coded mark ups of pieces replaced or repaired dating back 300 years.]]<ref>Schofield, J (2016). St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4. pg. 119.</ref><br>
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 ==White Tower==
 [[File: White Tower East Façade.jpg|x320px|right|thumb|East Façade of White Tower within the fortress of the Tower of London<ref>"Hampstead Parochial Church of England Primary School." Hampstead Parochial RSS 092. Hampstead Parochial, n.d. Web. 17 June 2017.</ref>]]
-Located within the fortress of the [[Tower of London]], White Tower presides as one of world's best known castles. Given its name around 1100 C.E., the Tower stands today as the most complete palace in Europe. A brilliant example of Norman architecture, the Tower represents poignant evidence of early 14th century Norman influence in the British Isles. <ref>Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press. pg. 44.</ref>Strongly fortified, the square tower perches itself at the center of a defensive work of architecture, evoking stark medieval strength.<ref>Sutton, I. (1999). Western architecture. London: Thames & Hudson.</ref> White Tower stands as London's second largest tower of its age after Colchester tower at four stories connected via angle turrets at the building's corners. <ref>Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press. pg. 53-54.</ref>Access to the each floor was possible via the circular north-east turret, with the main entrance on the middle floor, on the south face, still used today.<ref>Harris, R (2016). ''Castles and the Anglo-Norman World''. New York: Oxbow Books., pg. 177-189.</ref> Over the years, however, the structure itself has been heavily reconstructed to retain its original shape and structure.<ref>Sutton, I. (1999). Western architecture. London: Thames & Hudson.</ref>
+Located within the fortress of the [[Tower of London]], White Tower presides as one of world's best known castles. Given its name around 1100 C.E., the Tower stands today as the most complete palace in Europe. A brilliant example of Norman architecture, the Tower represents poignant evidence of early 14th century Norman influence in the British Isles. <ref>Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press. pg. 44.</ref>Strongly fortified, the square tower perches itself at the center of a defensive work of architecture, evoking stark medieval strength.<ref>Sutton, I. (1999). Western architecture. London: Thames & Hudson. pg. 64</ref> White Tower stands as London's second largest tower of its age after Colchester tower at four stories connected via angle turrets at the building's corners. <ref>Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press. pg. 53-54.</ref>Access to the each floor was possible via the circular north-east turret, with the main entrance on the middle floor, on the south face, still used today.<ref>Harris, R (2016). ''Castles and the Anglo-Norman World''. New York: Oxbow Books., pg. 177-189.</ref> Over the years, however, the structure itself has been heavily reconstructed to retain its original shape and structure.<ref>Sutton, I. (1999). Western architecture. London: Thames & Hudson. pg. 64.</ref>
 However, despite the Tower's imposing reputation, the first legitimate systematic investigation of the structure took place only 20 years ago. From 1996 to 1998, White Tower was emptied for new displays and conservation works on the external south elevation, allowing a thorough rundown of the structure with modern methods for scientific analysis. A second round of investigation was only just recently done in 2008 to 2011, while cleaning and conservation of other cardinal elevations and turrets were taking place. The second analysis served to support earlier findings in 1996-8 and expanded in extent, form, and dating of post-medieval alterations and repairs. Previous to these studies, White tower was widely believed to have had more or less remained largely intact from the late 11th century, while others argued the tower evolved in scale over time. With these investigations findings, historians can settle several mysteries concerning the Tower's original plans and construction. These studies found that the structure was largely completed by circa 1100 C.E., with its final design being conceived from outset of the project. It was discovered that raising the roofs of the east and west rooms of the second floor by a story was the one lasting major alteration made to the building. Lastly, analysis has found that there was a significant pause in the primary construction, midway through the first floor, seen in changes in material and technique and in the sculptural detail of St. John's Chapel. Work apparently began around 1078 but only completed by 1100, with a break from 1079-83 to 1090-3.<ref>Harris, R (2016). ''Castles and the Anglo-Norman World''. New York: Oxbow Books., pg. 177-189.</ref> <br>

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 Fortunately, with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 came a wealth of talented professionals poised to rebuild and replace the devastation of the Great Fire. [[Christopher Wren]] lied among these professionals, future designer and architect of modern Saint Paul's Cathedral. Building 51 churches and cathedrals across London, Wren's Saint Paul's distinguished itself as the cathedral with the largest undertaking. <ref>Blatch, M. (1978). "A Guide to London's Churches". London: Constable and Company Ltd.</ref>
-Wren was afforded such a entirely unique opportunity for urban redefinition, making the city into an 'architectural laboratory' for the development of the prodestant parish church. Saint Paul's itself attempted to and succeeded in crystallizing an ideal form of a prodestant cathedral.<ref>Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (1998). London: the city churches. London: Penguin Group.</ref>
+Wren was afforded such a entirely unique opportunity for urban redefinition, making the city into an 'architectural laboratory' for the development of the prodestant parish church. Saint Paul's itself attempted to and succeeded in crystallizing an ideal form of a prodestant cathedral.<ref>Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (1998). London: the city churches. London: Penguin Group. pg. 25-40.</ref>
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 <br><br>
 ==Saint Paul's Cathedral==
-[[File: Old Saint Paul Reference 1.JPG|x320px|right|thumb|Illustration from seventeenth century elevations of Old Saint Paul's. <ref>Johnson, P. (1980). British Cathedrals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</ref>]]
+[[File: Old Saint Paul Reference 1.JPG|x320px|right|thumb|Illustration from seventeenth century elevations of Old Saint Paul's. <ref>Johnson, P. (1980). British Cathedrals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pg. 226.</ref>]]
-Saint Paul's Cathedral as a place of worship has presided as a monument for as long as records of the London area has been in existence. After the Britons fled from invaders in the southern English Isles to London sometime in the 1st century, historical records of London resurface in 604 C.E. These records note the founding of what comes to known as Old Saint Paul's Cathedral by Mellitus, bishop of London. Apart from monastic establishments, Saint Paul's stood as the only place of stately worship through the great fire of 1666 for the people of London. <ref>Blatch, M. (1978). "A Guide to London's Churches". London: Constable and Company Ltd.</ref>Old Saint Paul's stood as the tallest church in all of London, standing at 586 feet and biggest at 72,460 square feet. Tragically, Elizabethean England(1558-1603 C.E.) took a rather careless attitude towards its architectural heritage. As a result, architectural conservation remained nearly unseen. A perfect example of such negligence lie in the example of Old Saint Paul's spire. Struck by a stray lightning bolt, Saint Paul's spire saw no attempt in restoring, what was at the time, London tallest architectural feat. While the roof was at the very least patched, no attempt was ever made to replace such an iconic feature of London's largest church. <ref>Johnson, P. (1980). British Cathedrals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</ref>
+Saint Paul's Cathedral as a place of worship has presided as a monument for as long as records of the London area has been in existence. After the Britons fled from invaders in the southern English Isles to London sometime in the 1st century, historical records of London resurface in 604 C.E. These records note the founding of what comes to known as Old Saint Paul's Cathedral by Mellitus, bishop of London. Apart from monastic establishments, Saint Paul's stood as the only place of stately worship through the great fire of 1666 for the people of London. <ref>Blatch, M. (1978). "A Guide to London's Churches". London: Constable and Company Ltd.</ref>Old Saint Paul's stood as the tallest church in all of London, standing at 586 feet and biggest at 72,460 square feet. Tragically, Elizabethean England(1558-1603 C.E.) took a rather careless attitude towards its architectural heritage. As a result, architectural conservation remained nearly unseen. A perfect example of such negligence lie in the example of Old Saint Paul's spire. Struck by a stray lightning bolt, Saint Paul's spire saw no attempt in restoring, what was at the time, London tallest architectural feat. While the roof was at the very least patched, no attempt was ever made to replace such an iconic feature of London's largest church. <ref>Johnson, P. (1980). British Cathedrals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pg. 226-228.</ref>
 The Great Fire of London destroyed about four fifths of london, laying to waste 86 churches and a badly damaged Saint Paul's.
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 Following the destruction and devastation met in the 1940s, work to strike a balance between bringing the cathedral into the 21st century and preserving the building as a national landmark has dominated conservation efforts. With this lofty ideal of balance, controversy found a holding in discussions of conservation fairly early on. In 1966, the method approached in cleaning the cathedral's exterior caught criticism from British architectural critic, Ian Nairn. Disgruntled on how the building's upper exterior was cleaned, Nairn complained that "because soot and Portland stone work such a funny magic on each other, St Paul’s should never have been cleaned. The scrubbed parts show a small gain in clarity of detail and an immense loss in personality."<ref>Schofield, J (2016). ''St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history''. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4. pg. 117-118</ref> Under Sir Bernard Feilden (Surveyor 1969–77), Saint Paul's gained a elevator, made significant repair to the buildings upper levels, and found itself faced with problems of air pollution and traffic vibration. After a thorough study of the external stonework, Feilden concluded the operation of the Bankside Power Station, built not long after WWII, was responsible for damaging Saint Paul's Cathedral. After shutting down, the Bankside Power Station became modern-day Tate Modern, just across the Thames from Saint Paul's to this day.<br>
 In the following decades, relatively few major conservation works were undertaken until the 1990s. In 1993, Martin Stancliffe (Surveyor 1990-2011) produced a "Quinquennial Report," proposing several immediate and long-term programs of cathedral repair, maintenance and improvement. Most of the major projects of the next two decades were either proposed or hinted at in this Report: stonework repair and cleaning of the exterior, a cleaning of the entire interior, the liturgical reordering and relighting of the interior, and a staged bringing of the entire crypt into public use together with extensive facilities for staff , choir and educational purposes.<ref>Schofield, J (2016). ''St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history''. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4. pg. 118-119</ref> <br>
-Contemporary movements in modernizing and making the city of London an attractive place to live have encouraged further conservation action. Designated in 2007, St Paul’s Cathedral Conservation Area was established to maintain the character of land uses, building and materials types, open spaces and trees, the use of the area for local and national cultural and political events, ecology and archaeology. Along with this, efforts on behalf of the city have been made add and preserve iconic views of the cathedral. Conservation, and with it a degree of controversy, continues to surround Saint Paul's Cathedral into the present day. In spite of these new challenges Saint Paul's Cathedral is dealt, the building continues to to serve as an exemplary space for gathering, reflection, and beauty. <ref>Schofield, J (2016). ''St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history''. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4. pg. 121-122</ref>
+Contemporary movements in modernizing and making the city of London an attractive place to live have encouraged further conservation action. Designated in 2007, St Paul’s Cathedral Conservation Area was established to maintain the character of land uses, building and materials types, open spaces and trees, the use of the area for local and national cultural and political events, ecology and archaeology. Along with this, efforts on behalf of the city have been made add and preserve iconic views of the cathedral. Conservation, and with it a degree of controversy, continues to surround Saint Paul's Cathedral into the present day. In spite of these new challenges Saint Paul's Cathedral is dealt, the building continues to to serve as an exemplary space for gathering, reflection, and beauty. <ref>Schofield, J (2016). ''St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history''. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4. pg. 121-122.</ref>
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-Image:Old Saint Paul Reference 1.JPG|''Old Saint Paul's Reference Sketches''<ref>Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref>
+Image:Old Saint Paul Reference 1.JPG|''Old Saint Paul's Reference Sketches''<ref>Johnson, P. (1980). British Cathedrals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pg. 226.</ref>
 Image:Riverside Saint Paul Skyline.JPG|''Riverside Saint Paul Skyline''
 Image:Destination Saint Paul's2.JPG|''Modern form of the Millennial Bridge framing towards Saint Paul's''

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 [[File: West Elevation (2010-11) CAD Isolation of differnt stone types Historic Royal Palaces Roland Harris.png|West Elevation of White Tower draw in CAD by Roland Harris]]<ref>Harris, R (2016). Castles and the Anglo-Norman World. New York: Oxbow Books., pg. 177-189.</ref><br>
 <gallery mode="packed">
-Image:Tower of London Plans.JPG|''Tower of London historical plans''<ref>Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref>
+Image:Tower of London Plans.JPG|''Tower of London historical plans''<ref>Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press. pg. 358.</ref>
 Image:Between nature and city.JPG|''White Tower framed between its natural and urban setting''
 Image:Removed and Proud.JPG|''Significantly removed from its urban context, White Tower stands independent and solitary''