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John Tillotson a Post English Reformation Preacher

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John Tillotson a Post English Reformation Preacher

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John Tillotson a Post English Reformation Preacher
084A0035 Copy - Copy.jpg
John Tillotson
Position Former Archbishop of Canterbury
Birth and Death Years 1630-1694

Abstract

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Introduction


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Section 1: Background


The English Reformation


Overview

The English Reformation refers to the time period and course of events that caused England to break away from the "Catholic Church" and form the Anglican "Church of England". This change was driven and contested starting with Henry VIII, and continued to be driven by later English monarchs. This was also coupled with a desire of the English people for reform because of the corrupt state of the Catholic Church at the time.[1] This time period and the aftermath can be characterized by both high Catholic-Protestant tension and violence. The following is a brief history of the English Reformation to provide context for John Tillotson's life as a preacher in post reformation England.

Origins with Henry VIII of England (English Reformation)

When Martin Luther dispatched his 95 thesis in Germany during 1517 Henry VIII, the English Monarch at the time, refuted the anti-catholic doctrine.[2] In the year 1521 Henry VIII published a work, in conjunction with Thomas More, titled "Assertio Septem Sacramentorum" (Defense of the Seven Sacraments) refuting Luther's teaching.[3] In this work Henry VIII defended transubstantiation, the real presence of Christ in the sacrament of the Eucharist, as well as masses for the dead. The secondary motive for creating this work was also to promote himself in England as well as abroad.[4] Henry VIII would later be awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X.[5] At this point it would seem impossible that Henry VIII would later become the most influential person in leading England into the reformation, but that is exactly what would transpire.

At this time religious unrest had already begun to take hold in England as many believed the Catholic Church to have corrupt flaws.[6][7] Later Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon, was unable to produce a male heir to the throne, and this began to trouble the king greatly.[8] The king came to believe that God was purposely not giving him a son in accordance with the Bible [9] in the book of Leviticus 20:21 it says "If a man marries his brother's wife it is an act of impurity; he has dishonored his brother. They will be childless." Catherine had previously been married to Henry VIII's brother and for this reason Henry believed he was childless, and that he needed to seek a papal annulment from Pope Clement VII.[10] However due to the Sacking of Rome Clement was unable to comply with Henry's request.[11] At this time Henry had also developed an interest in having Anne Boleyn replace Catherine as his queen.[12] This desire for an heir eventually led Henry to take matters into his own hands by convincing Parliament to create the Church of England during the years from 1534-1539, officially separating England from the Catholic Church.[13] Henry VIII a man once praised by the Pope for his devotion had now severed England's ties to the papacy.

Edward VI of England (Protestant Reformation)

Despite all the trouble Henry VIII went through Anne Boleyn would also not be the one to produce Henry's heir.[14] His third wife Jane Seymour would produce his heir Edward VI.[15] Henry VIII would die in January 1547 leaving his young son Edward to take up his throne at the age on 9.[16] Unlike his father's rule which had started the reformation as a result of political circumstance Edward would continue the English Reformation in a Protestant manner ridding the church of many Catholic practices. In 1552 the word mass was removed and communion wafers were no longer distributed in religious services.[17] This distinctive change to a Protestant Church of England caused a great deal of civil unrest due to rebellions during Edward's short reign.[18] On July 6th, 1553 when Edward after being ill for some time died at the age of 15.[19] Before his death Edward attempted to stop the throne from passing to his Catholic half sister Mary by bestowing it upon another relative Jane Grey.

Mary I of England or "Bloody Mary" (Catholic Restoration)

Edward VI's plan failed and power was transferred to Mary I of England on July 18th, 1553.[20] Mary being a devout Catholic brought it upon herself to undo what her father Henry VIII and her half brother Edward VI had done to transform Christianity in England. Mary either reinstated and appointed bishops back into the Church of England, and appointed Cardinal Reginald Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury who had bee previously exiled.[21] She was conflicted about her role as head of the Church of England because she believed leading the church was a duty that belonged to the Pope in Rome.[22] For this reason Mary made it a priority to reinstate papal authority in the Church of England. This took place in 1554 when Cardinal Pole reversed the excommunication of England and all anti-papal legislation was repealed.[23] Mary gained her name "Bloody Mary" as a result of the sheer number of devout protestants she put to death during her reign. Mary's long term success was dependent on a Catholic heir who would continue her polices after her death. For this reason Mary I married Philip of Spain.[24] However, she would die in 1558 childless leaving no Catholic heir to continue her work.

Elizabeth I of England (Elizabethan Settlement)

After Mary's death her sister Elizabeth I took control of the throne. It was evident from the beginning that Elizabeth would undo all that Mary had done, and make a strong effort to restore England to its Protestant ways. One of the main driving reasons Elizabeth chose to do this was that she, being the daughter of Anne Boelyn was viewed as illegitimate by the Catholic Church.[25] Elizabeth would rule until her death in 1603 with her hallmark legislation being the Elizabethan Settlement.[26] This settlement was comprised of two separate acts passed by Parliament. The first act was "The Act of Supremacy" which once again separated the Church of England from Rome and the Pope. The second act was the "Act of Uniformity" which created the basic framework for the modern protestant Church of England which exists today.[27] The Church of England would continue to evolve over the years, and 27 years later John Tillotson would be born.

Life of John Tillotson


Early Life and Education

John Tillotson was born in Sowerby, Yorkshire during 1630. [28][29] However very little is known about his early childhood other than the fact that his father was a Puritan clothier. The next commonly acknowledged event in Tillotson's life is his studies at Clare Hall, Cambridge where he would become a fellow and graduate in 1651.[30]

Early Religious Career

Tillotson was ordained into the Church of England in 1661.[31] He would begin his preaching career at Lincon's Inn in London.[32] Later in 1664 he became a preacher at St. Lawrence Jewry where he would gain notice for his talents giving sermons.[33] Tillotson would also marry Elizabeth French the niece of Oliver Cromwell a man who had been the monarch in England from 1653-1658.[34]

Dean of Canterbury

Tillotson became the Dean of Canterbury in 1672.[35]

Dean of St. Paul's

Tillotson became the Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral in 1689.[36]

Archbishop of Canterbury

Tillotson became the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1691 after the suspension and deprivation of his predecessor William Sancroft.[37] He would serve in this position until his death.

Death and Legacy

John Tillotson died in 1694 and is now buried in St. Lawrence Jewry in London. At his funeral it was remarked by William III that Tillotson "had the brightest thoughts and the most correct style of all our divines, and was esteemed the best preacher of his age."[38]

Section 2: Deliverable


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  1. ↑ Servini, P. (2002). The English reformation. London: Hodder & Stoughton. P.P. 1
  2. ↑ Hillerbrand, H. J. (2017, January 24). Martin Luther. Retrieved June 02, 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther
  3. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 92
  4. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 93
  5. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 93
  6. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 93
  7. ↑ Servini, P. (2002). The English reformation. London: Hodder & Stoughton. P.P. 1
  8. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 102
  9. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 103
  10. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 104
  11. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 106
  12. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 105
  13. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 141
  14. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 173
  15. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 243
  16. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 255
  17. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 283
  18. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 283
  19. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 287
  20. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 287
  21. ↑ Servini, P. (2002). The English reformation. London: Hodder & Stoughton. P.P. 47
  22. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 288
  23. ↑ Servini, P. (2002). The English reformation. London: Hodder & Stoughton. P.P. 47
  24. ↑ Servini, P. (2002). The English reformation. London: Hodder & Stoughton. P.P. 47
  25. ↑ Servini, P. (2002). The English reformation. London: Hodder & Stoughton. P.P. 64
  26. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 390
  27. ↑ Wilson, D. (2012). A Brief History of The English Reformation (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers. P.P. 390
  28. ↑ Cannon, J.(2009). Tillotson, John. In A Dictionary of British History. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 May. 2017, from http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199550371.001.0001/acref-9780199550371-e-3412.
  29. ↑ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tillotson, John. (n.d.). Retrieved May 31, 2017, from https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tillotson,_John
  30. ↑ (2015). Tillotson, John. In The Oxford Companion to British History. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 May. 2017, from http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4201.
  31. ↑ (2015). Tillotson, John. In The Oxford Companion to British History. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 May. 2017, from http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4201.
  32. ↑ Bellenger, D. A., & Fletcher, S. (2013). The Mitre and the Crown A History of the Archbisops of Canterbury. Stroud: The History Press. P.P. 127
  33. ↑ (2015). Tillotson, John. In The Oxford Companion to British History. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 May. 2017, from http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4201.
  34. ↑ Bellenger, D. A., & Fletcher, S. (2013). The Mitre and the Crown A History of the Archbisops of Canterbury. Stroud: The History Press. P.P. 125
  35. ↑ Bellenger, D. A., & Fletcher, S. (2013). The Mitre and the Crown A History of the Archbisops of Canterbury. Stroud: The History Press. P.P. 127
  36. ↑ Bellenger, D. A., & Fletcher, S. (2013). The Mitre and the Crown A History of the Archbisops of Canterbury. Stroud: The History Press. P.P. 127
  37. ↑ Bellenger, D. A., & Fletcher, S. (2013). The Mitre and the Crown A History of the Archbisops of Canterbury. Stroud: The History Press. P.P. 127
  38. ↑ Bellenger, D. A., & Fletcher, S. (2013). The Mitre and the Crown A History of the Archbisops of Canterbury. Stroud: The History Press. P.P. 127
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