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London's Architectual Preservation of History

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London's Architectual Preservation of History

by Cole Fawcett

London's Architectual Preservation of History
Milestone Image
Perserving a Diverse and Complex City

Abstract

This Milestone's aim is to address and analyze how and why London has successfully preserved and upheld its most ancient landmarks, rescuing them from natural erosion and deconstruction. To this end, I will research how Saint Paul's Cathedral and The Tower of London's White Tower remain standing today. I also hope to establish contact with current conservators of the Cathedral and Tower. Organizations like the Heritage of London Trust and The Institute of Historic Building Conservation, which also offer a reliable resource for understanding how London has committed itself so successfully to architectural preservation. In summary, this project seeks to portray a breakdown of what preservation and conservation of buildings of historical significance entails. The multimedia component of this milestone will be an informative pamphlet, two pages or so, detailing a how-to guide for modern urban-architectural preservation and conservation.

Introduction


I suggest you save this section for last. Describe the essence of this project. Cover what the project is and who cares in the first two sentences. Then cover what others have done like it, how your project is different. Discuss the extent to which your strategy for completing this project was new to you, or an extension of previous HUA experiences.

As you continue to think about your project milestones, reread the "Goals" narrative on defining project milestones from the HU2900 syllabus. Remember: the idea is to have equip your milestone with a really solid background and then some sort of "thing that you do". You'll need to add in some narrative to describe why you did the "thing that you did", which you'd probably want to do anyway. You can make it easy for your advisors to give you a high grade by ensuring that your project milestone work reflects careful, considerate, and comprehensive thought and effort in terms of your background review, and insightful, cumulative, and methodical approaches toward the creative components of your project milestone deliverables.

Section 1: Background


As long as buildings have existed, methods of preservation or conservation have developed to maintain architectural integrity. The United States' relatively youth means that the oldest landmarks date only several decades older than the country's independence less than three-hundred years ago. England's history dates back to basic agricultural civilization on the English landmass over two-thousand years ago. With much more history to preserve, the city of London today functions as a unique hub of structures ranging in style, construction, and repair. This milestone's central aim requires an in-depth examination of how London's oldest standing structure, the Tower of London's White Tower, and oldest church site, Saint Paul's Cathedral, have managed to adapt , grow and develop as sights of architectural achieve while maintaining a presence in the constantly evolving landscape of city. [1]

Saint Paul's Cathedral

Illustration from seventeenth century elevations of Old Saint Paul's. [2]

Saint Paul's Cathedral as a place of worship has presided as a monument for as long as records of the London area has been in existence. After the Britons fled from invaders in the southern English Isles to London sometime in the 1st century, historical records of London resurface in 604 C.E. These records note the founding of what comes to known as Old Saint Paul's Cathedral by Mellitus, bishop of London. Apart from monastic establishments, Saint Paul's stood as the only place of stately worship through the great fire of 1666 for the people of London. [3]Old Saint Paul's stood as the tallest church in all of London, standing at 586 feet and biggest at 72,460 square feet. Tragically, Elizabethean England(1558-1603 C.E.) took a rather careless attitude towards its architectural heritage. As a result, architectural conservation remained nearly unseen. A perfect example of such negligence lie in the example of Old Saint Paul's spire. Struck by a stray lightning bolt, Saint Paul's spire saw no attempt in restoring, what was at the time, London tallest architectural feat. While the roof was at the very least patched, no attempt was ever made to replace such an iconic feature of London's largest church. [4]

The Great Fire of London destroyed about four fifths of london, laying to waste 86 churches and a badly damaged Saint Paul's.
Fortunately, with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 came a wealth of talented professionals poised to rebuild and replace the devastation of the Great Fire. Christopher Wren lied among these professionals, future designer and architect of modern Saint Paul's Cathedral. Building 51 churches and cathedrals across London, Wren's Saint Paul's distinguished itself as the cathedral with the largest undertaking. [5] Wren was afforded such a entirely unique opportunity for urban redefinition, making the city into an 'architectural laboratory' for the development of the prodestant parish church. Saint Paul's itself attempted to and succeeded in crystallizing an ideal form of a prodestant cathedral.[6]



Early 20th Century and the Great War

Saint Paul's Cathedral beneath a Zeppelin in 1930. [7]

Saint Paul's Cathedral's surveyor, Somers Clarke (1897-1906), saw the structures entrance into the 20th century. At the time however, little to no conservation work was done on the cathedral outside of the addition of electric lights in 1899. Mervyn Macartney however, taking over over as surveyor through 1906-31, took as much more active role in conservation of the cathedral. Starting in 1909 with the insertion and installation of hot-water heating system for the building and later installing fire resistance partitions to the cathedrals iconic dome, Macartney started a trend of improvement and change only strengthened in the wake of the first World War.

To support the war effort, a searchlights was placed on cathedral land to scout for enemy fighters and the cathedral's Golden Gallery was utilized as a practice space for young soldiers to hone skills of signaling. On the 30th September, 1917, in a unfortunate turn-of-events, Saint Paul's Cathedral was struck 'by one of [England's] own shells, which landed on cornice of the south-east corner of the cathedral'. Luckily, the shell failed to cause any highly significant damage to the buildings facade or structure. At one point, the cathedral house a 18-pounder gun in the central choir section of the cathedral in 1918.

While helping country on the warfront, Saint Paul's Cathedral began to tackle its own problems presented with the turn of the second millennium it had seen come to pass. The impending question of the cathedral's came to the attention of conservation efforts. Engineer Sir Francis Fox, among other professionals, discuss the legitimacy of the building's structural stability. On the 25th of December, 1924, the District surveyor of the City of London served a 'Dangerous Structures Notice' that would put in motion a clear five year repair program focused on preserving and insuring the structural integrity of the cathedral. Another concern surrounding Saint Paul's between the two world wars had to do with the height of new office buildings that began to rise close to the cathedral. These buildings represented a threat, as more high-rise office buildings had the potential to obscure, or effectively erase, the famous Saint Paul's dome from the London skyline. Built in 1675 over the previous cathedral of the same name, built 1314, ? which itself was church built over the original Saint Paul's, This Cathedral holds a highly unique space and role in the history of London. As such, reverence beyond the aesthetic beauty of the building was channeled through Godfrey Allen (Surveyor 1931-56) in his proposal of a controlled area surrounding the cathedral. Established to protect and restore important views of the cathedral, the 1938 Saint Paul's Heights Controls made a clear effort to keep Saint Paul's Cathedral relevant in an increasingly modernizing world.[8]

World War II Damage

The black circles represent where high explosive bombs fell on or near Saint Paul's Cathedral. Lightly shaded buildings were destroyed by fire or bomb damage.[9]

With one world conflict concluded and with the next on its way, Saint Paul's Cathedral prepared itself for a war that would nearly spell its destruction. Various preparations were made to defend against aerial bombardment. Aware of the sheer amount of devastation the evolved bombing of World War II would prove for London, grilles and some carvings from the choir aisles, the Great Model, wood carvings from the library, along with other fittings were all removed from Saint Paul's interior in preparation for the worst. Moved either to crypt or country homes distant from the city, these fittings were seen as valuable enough to remove under threat of enemy retaliation. Lord Nelson, Christopher Wren and the Duke of Wellington's monument were encased in brick in the cathedral's crypt for extra precaution.

All this effort to preserve what could be preserved in the event of catastrophe proved warranted as twelve to thirteen bombs fell inside a single block radius of the cathedral. Of these, six bombs fell within cathedral property, with two direct strikes to the actual cathedral itself. Remarkably however, the building remained standing after the war had ended. Outside of a few holes in the cathedral ceiling and damage to the exterior, the building as a whole appeared miraculously unharmed after the numerous attacks against London over the course of the war. In 1946, Dean Walter Matthews remarked that there was 'little doubt that [Saint Paul's Cathedral's] supports to the effect of the blast could not have happened but for the work of repair and consolidation which had so recently been carried out', referring to the five year conservation efforts carried on a decade prior. Through its miraculous prevailing through war-torn London, Saint Paul’s Cathedral had become a symbol of national survival through the War, adding well to its already considerable stock of symbolic roles.[10]

Improvement in the Post-War to Present era

Saint Paul's Cathedral, Shot from Tate Modern.

Following the destruction and devastation met in the 1940s, work to strike a balance between bringing the cathedral into the 21st century and preserving the building as a national landmark has dominated conservation efforts. With this lofty ideal of balance, controversy found a holding in discussions of conservation fairly early on. In 1966, the method approached in cleaning the cathedral's exterior caught criticism from British architectural critic, Ian Nairn. Disgruntled on how the building's upper exterior was cleaned, Nairn complained that "because soot and Portland stone work such a funny magic on each other, St Paul’s should never have been cleaned. The scrubbed parts show a small gain in clarity of detail and an immense loss in personality."[11] Under Sir Bernard Feilden (Surveyor 1969–77), Saint Paul's gained a elevator, made significant repair to the buildings upper levels, and found itself faced with problems of air pollution and traffic vibration. After a thorough study of the external stonework, Feilden concluded the operation of the Bankside Power Station, built not long after WWII, was responsible for damaging Saint Paul's Cathedral. After shutting down, the Bankside Power Station became modern-day Tate Modern, just across the Thames from Saint Paul's to this day.
In the following decades, relatively few major conservation works were undertaken until the 1990s. In 1993, Martin Stancliffe (Surveyor 1990-2011) produced a "Quinquennial Report," proposing several immediate and long-term programs of cathedral repair, maintenance and improvement. Most of the major projects of the next two decades were either proposed or hinted at in this Report: stonework repair and cleaning of the exterior, a cleaning of the entire interior, the liturgical reordering and relighting of the interior, and a staged bringing of the entire crypt into public use together with extensive facilities for staff , choir and educational purposes.[12]
Contemporary movements in modernizing and making the city of London an attractive place to live have encouraged further conservation action. Designated in 2007, St Paul’s Cathedral Conservation Area was established to maintain the character of land uses, building and materials types, open spaces and trees, the use of the area for local and national cultural and political events, ecology and archaeology. Along with this, efforts on behalf of the city have been made add and preserve iconic views of the cathedral. Conservation, and with it a degree of controversy, continues to surround Saint Paul's Cathedral into the present day. In spite of these new challenges Saint Paul's Cathedral is dealt, the building continues to to serve as an exemplary space for gathering, reflection, and beauty. [13]

White Tower

East Façade of White Tower within the fortress of the Tower of London[14]

Located within the fortress of the Tower of London, White Tower presides as one of world's best known castles. Given its name around 1100 C.E., the Tower stands today as the most complete palace in Europe. A brilliant example of Norman architecture, the Tower represents poignant evidence of early 14th century Norman influence in the British Isles. [15]Strongly fortified, the square tower perches itself at the center of a defensive work of architecture, evoking stark medieval strength.[16] White Tower stands as London's second largest tower of its age after Colchester tower at four stories connected via angle turrets at the building's corners. [17]Access to the each floor was possible via the circular north-east turret, with the main entrance on the middle floor, on the south face, still used today.[18] Over the years, however, the structure itself has been heavily reconstructed to retain its original shape and structure.[19]

However, despite the Tower's imposing reputation, the first legitimate systematic investigation of the structure took place only 20 years ago. From 1996 to 1998, White Tower was emptied for new displays and conservation works on the external south elevation, allowing a thorough rundown of the structure with modern methods for scientific analysis. A second round of investigation was only just recently done in 2008 to 2011, while cleaning and conservation of other cardinal elevations and turrets were taking place. The second analysis served to support earlier findings in 1996-8 and expanded in extent, form, and dating of post-medieval alterations and repairs. Previous to these studies, White tower was widely believed to have had more or less remained largely intact from the late 11th century, while others argued the tower evolved in scale over time. With these investigations findings, historians can settle several mysteries concerning the Tower's original plans and construction. These studies found that the structure was largely completed by circa 1100 C.E., with its final design being conceived from outset of the project. It was discovered that raising the roofs of the east and west rooms of the second floor by a story was the one lasting major alteration made to the building. Lastly, analysis has found that there was a significant pause in the primary construction, midway through the first floor, seen in changes in material and technique and in the sculptural detail of St. John's Chapel. Work apparently began around 1078 but only completed by 1100, with a break from 1079-83 to 1090-3.[20]


Section 2: Deliverable


Reference photograph to juxtapose the abundance of post-modern architecture against Saint Paul's more classical style and age demanding respect.[21]


In this section, provide your contribution, creative element, assessment, or observation with regard to your background research. In this section, describe the relationship between your background review and your deliverable; make the connection between the two clear.

Creating and Preserving a Landmark


...use as many subsections or main sections as you need to support the claims for why what you did related to your Background section...

Gallery


White Tower

East Façade of White Tower within the fortress of the Tower of London[22]
West Elevation of White Tower draw in CAD by Roland Harris[23]

  • Tower of London historical plans[24]

Saint Paul's Cathedral's South Transept's South Wall with color coded mark ups of pieces replaced or repaired dating back 300 years.
Saint Paul's South Transept

Saint Paul's Cathedral

  • Old Saint Paul's Reference Sketches[25]

  • Saint Paul's Cathedral highlighted across the Thames

  • Riverside Saint Paul Skyline

  • Modern form of the Millennial Bridge framing towards Saint Paul's

  • Saint Paul's Cathedral crowded by contemporary buildings

  • Saint Paul's surrounded in contemporary architecture

  • Saint Paul's blending into the London skyline



Conclusion


In this section, provide a summary or recap of your work, as well as potential areas of further inquiry (for yourself, future students, or other researchers).

References


  1. ↑ Teutonico, J and Fidler, J (1998). Time for Change: An Overview of Building-Materials Research for Conservation ofHistoric Structures. New York: Association for Preservation Technology International (APT)., pg. 45-9.
  2. ↑ Johnson, P. (1980). British Cathedrals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  3. ↑ Blatch, M. (1978). "A Guide to London's Churches". London: Constable and Company Ltd.
  4. ↑ Johnson, P. (1980). British Cathedrals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  5. ↑ Blatch, M. (1978). "A Guide to London's Churches". London: Constable and Company Ltd.
  6. ↑ Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (1998). London: the city churches. London: Penguin Group.
  7. ↑ Edgar Jones, 19 January 2015 - Defence and conflict, First World War, No 10 guest historian series. (n.d.). Air-raid casualties in the First World War. Retrieved June 11, 2017, from https://history.blog.gov.uk/2015/01/19/air-raid-casualties-in-the-first-world-war/
  8. ↑ Schofield, J (2016). St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4.
  9. ↑ Schofield, J (2016). St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4.
  10. ↑ Schofield, J (2016). St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4.
  11. ↑ Schofield, J (2016). St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4.
  12. ↑ Schofield, J (2016). St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4.
  13. ↑ Schofield, J (2016). St Paul's Cathedral:archaeology and history. New York: Oxbow Books., ch. 4.
  14. ↑ "Hampstead Parochial Church of England Primary School." Hampstead Parochial RSS 092. Hampstead Parochial, n.d. Web. 17 June 2017.
  15. ↑ Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  16. ↑ Sutton, I. (1999). Western architecture. London: Thames & Hudson.
  17. ↑ Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  18. ↑ Harris, R (2016). Castles and the Anglo-Norman World. New York: Oxbow Books., pg. 177-189.
  19. ↑ Sutton, I. (1999). Western architecture. London: Thames & Hudson.
  20. ↑ Harris, R (2016). Castles and the Anglo-Norman World. New York: Oxbow Books., pg. 177-189.
  21. ↑ (n.d.). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://www.ikoniclifts.co.uk/resources/case-studies
  22. ↑ "Hampstead Parochial Church of England Primary School." Hampstead Parochial RSS 092. Hampstead Parochial, n.d. Web. 17 June 2017.
  23. ↑ Harris, R (2016). Castles and the Anglo-Norman World. New York: Oxbow Books., pg. 177-189.
  24. ↑ Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  25. ↑ Bradley, S., & Pevsner, N. (2002). London 1: the City of London. New Haven: Yale University Press.



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